| 1.1 Perinatal death |
14 |
9833 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.85 [0.77, 0.93] |
| 1.2 Neonatal death |
22 |
10609 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.78 [0.70, 0.87] |
| 1.3 Fetal death |
14 |
9833 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.01 [0.83, 1.22] |
| 1.4 Respiratory distress syndrome |
26 |
11183 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.71 [0.65, 0.78] |
| 1.5 Moderate/severe respiratory distress syndrome |
7 |
4874 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.70 [0.59, 0.83] |
| 1.6 Chronic lung disease |
5 |
745 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.41, 1.79] |
| 1.7 Intraventricular haemorrhage |
12 |
8475 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.58 [0.45, 0.75] |
| 1.7.1 Any IVH grade |
5 |
720 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.62 [0.45, 0.84] |
| 1.7.2 IVH Grade 3‐4 |
5 |
6269 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.49 [0.27, 0.88] |
| 1.7.3 IVH diagnosed at postmortem |
2 |
1486 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.34, 1.06] |
| 1.8 Mean birthweight (g) |
19 |
9551 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐14.02 [‐33.79, 5.76] |
| 1.9 Maternal death |
6 |
6244 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.19 [0.36, 3.89] |
| 1.10 Chorioamnionitis |
15 |
8374 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.69, 1.08] |
| 1.11 Endometritis |
10 |
6764 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.14 [0.82, 1.58] |
| 1.12 Death in childhood |
4 |
1010 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.68 [0.36, 1.27] |
| 1.13 Neurodevelopmental disability in childhood |
5 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.13.1 Developmental delay |
3 |
600 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.51 [0.27, 0.97] |
| 1.13.2 Intellectual impairment |
3 |
778 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.44, 1.69] |
| 1.13.3 Hearing impairment |
2 |
166 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.64 [0.04, 9.87] |
| 1.13.4 Visual impairment |
2 |
166 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.55 [0.24, 1.23] |
| 1.14 Death into adulthood |
1 |
988 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.56, 1.81] |
| 1.15 Neurodevelopmental disability in adulthood |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.15.1 Visual impairment |
1 |
192 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [0.53, 1.55] |
| 1.15.2 Hearing impairment |
1 |
192 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.24 [0.03, 2.03] |
| 1.15.3 Intellectual impairment |
2 |
273 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.24 [0.01, 4.95] |
| 1.16 Fever in women after trial entry requiring the use of antibiotics |
3 |
363 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.66 [0.36, 1.21] |
| 1.17 Intrapartum fever in woman requiring the use of antibiotics |
2 |
319 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.15, 2.49] |
| 1.18 Postnatal fever in woman |
5 |
1323 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.92 [0.64, 1.33] |
| 1.19 Admission into adult intensive care unit |
2 |
319 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.74 [0.26, 2.05] |
| 1.20 Side effects of therapy in women |
2 |
|
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.20.1 Any side effects at first dose |
1 |
2825 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.69 [0.59, 0.82] |
| 1.20.2 Dyspnoea |
1 |
2828 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.33 [0.01, 8.15] |
| 1.20.3 Gastrointestinal upset |
1 |
2828 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.99 [0.12, 73.37] |
| 1.20.4 Hyperglycaemia |
1 |
2828 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.33 [0.01, 8.15] |
| 1.20.5 Leucocytosis |
1 |
2828 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.33 [0.01, 8.15] |
| 1.20.6 Migraine |
1 |
2828 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.00 [0.06, 15.93] |
| 1.21 Glucose intolerance |
1 |
123 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
2.71 [1.14, 6.46] |
| 1.22 Hypertension |
2 |
288 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.03 [0.59, 1.79] |
| 1.23 Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes |
12 |
5727 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.88 [0.78, 0.98] |
| 1.24 Mean interval between trial entry and birth (days) |
3 |
1513 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.23 [‐1.86, 2.32] |
| 1.25 Mean length at birth (cm) |
1 |
2766 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.00 [‐0.37, 0.37] |
| 1.26 Mean head circumference at birth (cm) |
1 |
2766 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.00 [‐0.22, 0.22] |
| 1.27 Small‐for‐gestational age |
5 |
3478 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.11 [0.96, 1.28] |
| 1.28 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit |
9 |
6667 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.96 [0.91, 1.00] |
| 1.29 Need for mechanical ventilation/CPAP |
11 |
4519 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.75 [0.66, 0.84] |
| 1.30 Mean duration of mechanical ventilation/CPAP (days) |
3 |
471 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.91 [‐4.59, 0.76] |
| 1.31 Median (IQR) duration of mechanical ventilation (hours) |
1 |
|
Other data |
No numeric data |
| 1.32 Median (IQR) duration of CPAP (hours) |
1 |
|
Other data |
No numeric data |
| 1.33 Air leak syndrome |
2 |
2965 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.76 [0.32, 1.80] |
| 1.34 Mean duration of oxygen supplementation (hours) |
1 |
73 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐2.86 [‐5.51, ‐0.21] |
| 1.35 Median (IQR) duration of oxygen supplementation (hours) |
1 |
|
Other data |
No numeric data |
| 1.36 Surfactant use |
6 |
6104 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.65 [0.50, 0.85] |
| 1.37 Systemic infection in the first 48 hours of life |
7 |
1708 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.41, 0.88] |
| 1.38 Proven infection while in the neonatal intensive care unit |
10 |
5521 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.79 [0.64, 0.98] |
| 1.39 Necrotising enterocolitis |
10 |
4702 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.50 [0.32, 0.78] |
| 1.40 Mean infant HPA axis function (cortisol) |
1 |
27 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.94 [‐3.12, 11.00] |
| 1.40.1 In babies born < 24 hours after 1st dose |
1 |
6 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
9.00 [‐11.93, 29.93] |
| 1.40.2 In babies born 24‐48 hours after 1st dose |
1 |
10 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.00 [‐8.68, 8.68] |
| 1.40.3 In babies born > 48 hours after 1st dose |
1 |
11 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
13.00 [‐1.90, 27.90] |
| 1.41 Mean childhood weight (kg) |
2 |
333 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.30 [‐0.39, 1.00] |
| 1.41.1 Liggins |
1 |
250 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.40 [‐0.32, 1.12] |
| 1.41.2 Schutte (females) |
1 |
39 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐2.40 [‐6.55, 1.75] |
| 1.41.3 Schutte (males) |
1 |
44 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.10 [‐3.88, 3.68] |
| 1.42 Mean childhood head circumference (cm) |
2 |
328 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.27 [‐0.08, 0.63] |
| 1.42.1 Liggins |
1 |
250 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.30 [‐0.11, 0.71] |
| 1.42.2 Schutte (females) |
1 |
36 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.10 [‐1.05, 0.85] |
| 1.42.3 Schutte (males) |
1 |
42 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [‐0.51, 1.71] |
| 1.43 Mean childhood height (cm) |
2 |
334 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.02 [‐0.26, 2.29] |
| 1.43.1 Liggins |
1 |
250 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.00 [‐0.39, 2.39] |
| 1.43.2 Schutte (females) |
1 |
39 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.70 [‐3.08, 6.48] |
| 1.43.3 Schutte (males) |
1 |
45 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [‐3.79, 4.99] |
| 1.44 Mean childhood systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
1 |
223 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐1.60 [‐4.06, 0.86] |
| 1.45 Cerebral palsy in childhood |
5 |
904 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.60 [0.34, 1.03] |
| 1.46 Behavioural/learning difficulties in childhood |
1 |
90 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.86 [0.35, 2.09] |
| 1.47 Mean adult weight (kg) |
2 |
538 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.83 [‐6.41, 4.76] |
| 1.47.1 Schutte (females) |
1 |
37 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐6.00 [‐12.93, 0.93] |
| 1.47.2 Schutte (males) |
1 |
43 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.00 [‐9.91, 7.91] |
| 1.47.3 Liggins |
1 |
458 |
Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) |
2.57 [‐0.72, 5.86] |
| 1.48 Mean adult head circumference (cm) |
2 |
537 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.03 [‐0.33, 0.38] |
| 1.48.1 Schutte (females) |
1 |
37 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.00 [‐1.03, 1.03] |
| 1.48.2 Schutte (males) |
1 |
42 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.20 [‐1.37, 0.97] |
| 1.48.3 Liggins |
1 |
458 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.06 [‐0.34, 0.46] |
| 1.49 Mean adult height (cm) |
2 |
537 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.91 [‐0.28, 2.10] |
| 1.49.1 Schutte (females) |
1 |
36 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐1.00 [‐5.37, 3.37] |
| 1.49.2 Schutte (males) |
1 |
43 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
3.00 [‐2.30, 8.30] |
| 1.49.3 Liggins (females) |
1 |
234 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
1.17 [‐0.65, 2.99] |
| 1.49.4 Liggins (males) |
1 |
224 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.75 [‐1.03, 2.53] |
| 1.50 Mean adult skinfold thickness (log values) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.50.1 Triceps |
1 |
456 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.02 [‐0.11, 0.07] |
| 1.50.2 Biceps |
1 |
456 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.01 [‐0.11, 0.09] |
| 1.50.3 Subscapular |
1 |
441 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.01 [‐0.08, 0.10] |
| 1.50.4 Suprailiac |
1 |
452 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.01 [‐0.12, 0.10] |
| 1.51 Abnormal lung function measured as forced vital capacity (adult) |
1 |
383 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.70 [‐3.16, 1.76] |
| 1.52 Mean adult systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
2 |
545 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.87 [‐2.81, 1.07] |
| 1.52.1 Schutte (females) |
1 |
38 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐4.00 [‐9.12, 1.12] |
| 1.52.2 Schutte (males) |
1 |
52 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐3.00 [‐7.17, 1.17] |
| 1.52.3 Liggins |
1 |
455 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.55 [‐1.88, 2.98] |
| 1.53 Mean adult insulin (log values) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.53.1 Fasting |
1 |
435 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.08 [‐0.03, 0.19] |
| 1.53.2 30 minutes fasting following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test |
1 |
412 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.16 [0.04, 0.28] |
| 1.53.3 120 minutes following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test |
1 |
428 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.10 [‐0.27, 0.07] |
| 1.54 Mean adult glucose |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.54.1 Fasting |
1 |
432 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.01 [‐0.09, 0.11] |
| 1.54.2 30 minutes fasting following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test |
1 |
413 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.21 [‐0.12, 0.54] |
| 1.54.3 120 minutes following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test |
1 |
410 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.27 [‐0.52, ‐0.02] |
| 1.55 Mean adult HPA axis function (mean log fasting cortisol) |
1 |
444 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.06 [‐0.02, 0.14] |
| 1.56 Mean age at puberty (years) |
1 |
|
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 1.56.1 Schutte (females) |
1 |
38 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.00 [‐0.94, 0.94] |
| 1.57 Educational achievement by adulthood (university or polytechnic education) |
1 |
534 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.94 [0.80, 1.10] |
| 1.58 Mean length of antenatal hospitalisation (days) |
2 |
412 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
‐0.00 [‐0.23, 0.22] |
| 1.59 Length of maternal hospital stay |
4 |
|
Other data |
No numeric data |
| 1.60 Mean length of postnatal hospitalisation (days) |
1 |
218 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.00 [‐1.72, 1.72] |
| 1.61 Mean length of neonatal hospitalisation (days) |
5 |
788 |
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.18 [‐0.51, 0.87] |
| 1.62 Length of neonatal hospitalisation |
2 |
|
Other data |
No numeric data |
