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. 2020 Oct 15;2020(10):CD005496. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub5

Comparison 1. Probiotics versus control.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1.1 Necrotising enterocolitis 54 10604 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.54 [0.45, 0.65]
1.1.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 14 2988 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.72 [0.54, 0.96]
1.1.2 Lactobacillus spp. 12 2000 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.45 [0.28, 0.71]
1.1.3 Sacchromyces spp. 4 621 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.82 [0.44, 1.50]
1.1.4 Bacillus spp. 2 465 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.61 [0.23, 1.61]
1.1.5 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 11 2041 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.36 [0.23, 0.59]
1.1.6 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 2 1244 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.36 [0.19, 0.68]
1.1.7 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Sacchromyces spp. 4 583 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.67 [0.28, 1.58]
1.1.8 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 5 662 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.42 [0.22, 0.77]
1.2 Mortality 51 10170 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.76 [0.65, 0.89]
1.2.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 12 2761 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.79 [0.58, 1.09]
1.2.2 Lactobacillus spp. 12 2000 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.60, 1.37]
1.2.3 Sacchromyces spp. 3 534 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.12 [0.46, 2.70]
1.2.4 Bacillus spp. 2 465 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.45, 1.69]
1.2.5 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 12 2071 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.60 [0.45, 0.81]
1.2.6 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 2 1244 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.84 [0.52, 1.35]
1.2.7 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Sacchromyces spp. 4 583 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.67 [0.30, 1.49]
1.2.8 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 4 512 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.74 [0.39, 1.42]
1.3 Invasive infection 47 9762 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.82, 0.97]
1.3.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 12 2736 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.84 [0.70, 1.02]
1.3.2 Lactobacillus spp. 11 1970 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.96 [0.76, 1.21]
1.3.3 Sacchromyces spp. 4 621 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.84 [0.58, 1.22]
1.3.4 Bacillus spp. 2 465 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.00 [0.67, 1.51]
1.3.5 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 10 1913 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.78, 1.08]
1.3.6 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 2 1244 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.72, 1.17]
1.3.7 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Sacchromyces spp. 4 583 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.79 [0.53, 1.18]
1.3.8 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 2 230 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.79 [0.63, 1.00]
1.4 Duration of birth hospitalisation (days) 22 5458 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.93 [‐3.78, ‐0.08]
1.4.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 4 1945 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.05 [‐6.55, 4.45]
1.4.2 Lactobacillus spp. 4 217 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.95 [‐10.81, 6.90]
1.4.3 Sacchromyces spp. 2 470 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.88 [‐8.06, 2.29]
1.4.4 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 7 1265 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.74 [‐5.22, 1.73]
1.4.5 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 1 1044 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.00 [‐6.28, 0.28]
1.4.6 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Sacchromyces spp. 2 231 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.65 [‐11.68, 0.38]
1.4.7 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 2 286 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.69 [‐6.73, 10.11]
1.5 Severe neurodevelopmental impairment 5 1518 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.03 [0.84, 1.26]
1.5.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 1 162 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.77 [0.34, 1.72]
1.5.2 Lactobacillus spp. 1 249 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.01 [0.69, 1.48]
1.5.3 Bacillus spp. 1 174 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.09 [0.58, 2.07]
1.5.4 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 1 664 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.69, 1.36]
1.5.5 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 1 269 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.27 [0.81, 1.98]
1.6 Cerebral palsy 5 1512 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.13 [0.74, 1.72]
1.6.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 1 156 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.38 [0.10, 1.36]
1.6.2 Lactobacillus spp. 1 249 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.40, 2.08]
1.6.3 Bacillus spp. 1 174 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.05 [0.38, 10.88]
1.6.4 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 1 664 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.32 [0.67, 2.58]
1.6.5 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 1 269 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.28 [0.62, 8.41]
1.7 Visual impairment 4 1356 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.50 [0.14, 1.80]
1.7.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 1 174 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.51 [0.05, 5.54]
1.7.2 Lactobacillus spp. 1 249 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Not estimable
1.7.3 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 1 664 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 2.91 [0.12, 71.21]
1.7.4 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 1 269 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.21 [0.02, 1.89]
1.8 Hearing impairment 4 1356 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.46 [0.18, 1.17]
1.8.1 Bifidobacterium spp. 1 174 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.07, 16.10]
1.8.2 Lactobacillus spp. 1 249 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 3.02 [0.12, 73.52]
1.8.3 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Streptococcus spp. 1 664 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.18 [0.04, 0.79]
1.8.4 Bifidobacterium spp. plus Lactobacillus spp. 1 269 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) 1.71 [0.16, 18.64]
1.9 Continuous early learning composite measure 1 52 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1.00 [‐6.38, 4.38]