Table 1.
Alzheimer disease.
| Reference | Disease/stage | Protein | Function | Detection antibody | Degree of oxidation in relation to age‐matched controls | Enzymatic activity | Total protein levels | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aksenov et al (2) | AD | CK BB | Energy transduction | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | — |
| Aksenov et al (3) | AD | β‐tubulin | Cytoskeleton | Anti‐DNPH antibody | = | NA | NA | — |
| β‐actin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| CK BB | Energy transduction | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Castegna et al (22) | AD | CK BB | Energy transduction | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | NA | — |
| UCHL‐1 | UPS | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| GS | Amino acid biosynthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Castegna et al (23) | AD | DRP‐2 | Pyrimidine metabolism | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | NA | — |
| α‐enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| HSC‐71 | Chaperone | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Castegna et al (24) | AD | α‐Enolase | Glycolysis | Anti‐3‐NTyr antibody | ↑ | NA | NA | — |
| Triosephosphate isomerase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Neuropolypeptide h3 | Phospholipid binding protein | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| β‐actin | Cytoskeleton | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| LDH | Glycolysis | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| γ‐enolase | Glycolysis | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| Choi et al (27) | AD | UCH‐L1 | UPS | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | ↓ 50% | identification of oxidation sites |
| Choi et al (28) | AD | SOD1 | Antioxidant response | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | ↑ | IHC |
| Pamplona et al (84) | AD Stages V‐VI/C | Neurofilament triplet L | Cytoskeleton | Anti‐MDAL‐antibody | ↑ (3‐fold) | NA | NA | — |
| Vimentin | Cytoskeleton | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| β‐tubulin 2 | Cytoskeleton | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| α‐tubulin 1 | Cytoskeleton | ↑ (9‐fold) | NA | NA | — | |||
| α‐tubulin 4 | Cytoskeleton | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| α‐tubulin 6 | Cytoskeleton | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| β‐actin | Cytoskeleton | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| γ‐actin | Cytoskeleton | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| GFAP | Cytoskeleton | ↑ (8‐fold) | NA | NA | — | |||
| γ‐enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ (2‐fold) | NA | NA | — | |||
| α‐enolase | Glycolysis | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| Ubiquinol‐cytochrome c reductase complex core protein I | Electron transport chain | ↑ (4‐fold) | NA | NA | — | |||
| ATP synthase (β chain) | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ (4‐fold) | NA | NA | — | |||
| CK BB | Energy transduction | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| GS | Amino acid biosynthesis | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 | Amino acid biosynthesis | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| Guanine nucleotide‐binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) β | Signal transduction | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| 60‐kDa HSP | Chaperone | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| Dihydropyrimidinase‐related protein‐2 | Pyrimidine metabolism | = | NA | NA | — | |||
| Korolainen et al (57) | AD | GFAP | Cytoskeleton | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | ↑ | — |
| α‐actin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| β‐actin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| CK BB | Energy transduction | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Korolainen et al (58) | AD Braak stages V‐VI | CA II | CO2 metabolism | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | = | Oxp/tp = |
| MDH1a | Kreb's cycle | ↓ | NA | ↑ | Oxp/tp ↓ | |||
| MDH1b | Kreb's cycle | ↓ | NA | = | Oxp/tp ↓ | |||
| Aconitase | Kreb's cycle | ↓ | NA | = | Oxp/tp = | |||
| Glutamate dehydrogenase | Amino acid biosynthesis | = | NA | = | Oxp/tp ↓ | |||
| 14‐3‐3 protein zeta/delta | Cell signaling | ↓ | NA | = | Oxp/tp = | |||
| Aldolase C | Glycolysis | ↓ | NA | = | Oxp/tp = | |||
| Aldolase A | Glycolysis | ↓ | NA | = | Oxp/tp = | |||
| ATP synthase | Oxidative phosphorylation | = | NA | ↑ | Oxp/tp = | |||
| Butterfield et al (19) | AD MCI Braak stages III, V, VI | Enolase 1 | Glycolysis | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | ↓ | NA | IP, IHC |
| GS | Energy transduction | ↑ | ↓ | NA | IP, IHC | |||
| Pyruvate kinase M2 | Glycolysis | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| PIN 1 | Chaperone | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| Butterfield et al (18) | Familial AD with mutations in PS1 | γ‐enolase | Glycolysis | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | NA | — |
| Actin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| DMDMAH‐1 | Nitric oxide metabolism | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| UCHL‐1 | UPS | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Sultana et al (115) | AD Hippocampus | Pin 1 | Chaperone | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | ↓ | IP |
| DRP‐2 | Pyrimidine metabolism | ↑ | NA | ↓ | — | |||
| PGM 1 | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | ↓ | — | |||
| CA II | CO2 metabolism | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | — | |||
| Enolase 1 | Glycolysis | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | — | |||
| TPI | Glycolysis | ↑ | = | ↑ | — | |||
| UCHL‐1 | UPS | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | — | |||
| Sultana et al (114) | AD | Pin 1 | Chaperone | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | — |
| Sultana et al (117) | AD | CA II | CO2 metabolism | Anti‐3‐NTyr antibody | ↑ | NA | ↑ | IP: VDAC‐1 |
| α‐enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | ↓ | — | |||
| GAPDH | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | ↓ | — | |||
| ATP synthase | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ | NA | ↑ | — | |||
| VDAC | Ion transporter | ↑ | NA | = | — | |||
| Choi et al (29) | AD | DJ‐1 | Antioxidant response | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | ↑ | Identification of oxidation sites |
| Newman et al (77) | AD | α‐enolase | Glycolysis | Anti‐GSH antibody | ↑ | ↓ | NA | individual spots in 2D blots normalized with density of corresponding spots in 2D gels |
| GAPDH | Glycolysis | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| Deoxyhemoglobin | ↑ | NA | NA | — | ||||
| αB‐crystallin | Chaperone | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Santpere et al (104) | AD Braak stage V CAA | 14‐3‐3 protein gamma | Chaperone, signal transduction | Anti‐CEL antibody Anti‐MDAL antibody | ↑ PHF | NA | NA | — |
| 14‐3‐3 protein zeta | Signal transduction | ↑ TH in AD, CAA ↑ PHF in AD | NA | NA | — | |||
| Reed et al (101) | AD Braak stage V | Peroxiredoxin 2 | Antioxidant response | Anti‐3‐NTyr antibody | ↑ | NA | NA | — |
| TPI | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| GDH | Amino acid biosynthesis | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| Neuropolypeptide h3 | Phospholipid binding protein | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| H+ transporting ATPase | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| α‐enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Aldolase 1ldolase mponsites easome system | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| PGM1 | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Reed et al (100) | AD MCI Braak stages III, IV, V, VI | Hippocampus | Anti‐HNE antibody | |||||
| Neuropolypeptide h3 | Phospholipid binding protein | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Carbonyl reductase 1 | Antioxidant response | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| LDH | Glycolysis | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| PGK | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| HSP70 | Chaperone | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| ATP synthase | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ | ↓ | NA | IP | |||
| α‐enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| IPL | Anti‐HNE antibody | |||||||
| β‐actin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Pyruvate kinase | Glycolysis | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| ATP synthase | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ | ↓ | NA | — | |||
| eIF‐α | Protein synthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| EF‐Tu | Protein synthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Terni et al (119) | AD Braak stages I/II | ATP synthase | Oxidative phosphorylation | Anti‐HNE antibody | ↑ | ↓ complex V | = | Treatment with 10 mM NaBH4 for 30 min |
| Choi et al (26) | ApoE‐deficient mice | GFAP | Cytoskeleton | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ Hippocampus = cortex | NA | NA | In‐strip DNP derivatization |
| CK BB | Energy transduction | ↑ Hippocampus = cortex | NA | NA | — | |||
| Glucose regulated protein, Erp61 | Chaperone | ↑ Hippocampus = cortex | NA | NA | — | |||
| Chaperonin subunit 5 | Chaperone | ↑ Hippocampus = cortex | NA | NA | — | |||
| Dihydropyrimidinase‐related protein 2 | Pyrimidine metabolism | ↑ Hippocampus = cortex | NA | NA | — | |||
| Mortalin, Grp70 | Chaperone | ↑ Hippocampus = cortex | NA | NA | — | |||
| Shin et al (105) | Tg2576 mice bearing the APP Swedish mutation | Anti‐DNPH antibody | Anti‐DNPH antibody Anti‐3NTyr antibody | — | ||||
| α‐enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Laminin receptor 1 | Neurite growth | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Anti‐3NTyr antibody | ||||||||
| Atp5b | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Calpain 12 | Cytoskeleton remodeling processes, cell diferentiation, apoptosis, signal transduction | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| α‐enolase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Boyd‐Kimball et al (12) | Inracerebral injection of Aβ (1–42) to 3‐month‐old Wistar rats | NBM | Anti‐DNPH antibody | Sonication in re‐hydration buffer on ice IP of GAPDH | ||||
| 14‐3‐3 ζ | Signal transduction | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| HSP‐60 | Chaperone | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Cortex | Anti‐DNPH antibody | |||||||
| Glutamate‐ammonia ligase | Amino acid biosynthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Tubulin β chain 15/α‐tubulin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Hippocampus | Anti‐DNPH antibody | |||||||
| β‐synuclein | Regulator of α‐synuclein aggregation | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| 14‐3‐3 ζ | Signal transduction | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| GAPDH | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Glycolysis‐Kreb's cycle | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Boyd‐Kimball et al (11) | Intracerebral injection of Aβ (1–42) to Mongolian gerbils. Study of synaptosomal fractions | γ‐actin | Cytoskeleton | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | NA | — |
| β‐actin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| GFAP | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| H+‐transporting two‐sector ATPase | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Syntaxin binding protein 1 | Synaptic vesicle exocytosis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| GDH | Amino acid biosynthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Dihydropyrimidinase‐related protein‐2 | Pyrimidine metabolism | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| EF‐Tu | Protein synthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Boyd‐Kimball et al (13) | C.elegans | Strain CL 4176 (Aβ 1–42) | Anti‐DNPH antibody | Sonication in rehydration buffer on ice | ||||
| Medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase | Fatty acid metabolism | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase | Fatty acid metabolism | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Translation elongation factor EF | Protein synthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Malate dehydrogenase | Kreb's cycle | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Arginine kinase | Energy transduction | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| RACK1 ortholog | Anchoring activated protein kinase C | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Myosin regulatory light chain | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Actin | Cytoskeleton | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Adenosine kinase | Purine biosynthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Nematode specific protein | Presynaptic development | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Lipid binding protein | Metabolism | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Transketolase | Calvin's cycle and pentose phosphate pathway | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Proteasome alpha subunit | UPS | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Proteasome beta subunit | UPS | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Glutathionine S‐transferase | Antioxidant response | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Strain CL 2337 | Anti‐DNPH antibody | |||||||
| ATP synthase α chain | Oxidative phosphorylation | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Nematode‐specific protein | Presynaptic development | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Glutamate dehydrogenase | Amino acid biosynthesis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Proteasome beta subunit | UPS | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Strain XA 1440 | Anti‐DNPH antibody | |||||||
| 20S proteasome subunit PAS‐4 | UPS | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Sultana et al (116) | Primary neuronal cultures treated with Aβ (1–42) | GAPDH | Glycolysis | Anti‐DNPH antibody | ↑ | NA | NA | Sonication on ice pretreatment of the neuronal cells with D609 reduces protein oxidation |
| 14‐3‐3 zeta | Cell signaling | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| Pyruvate kinase | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||
| MDH | Glycolysis | ↑ | NA | NA | — | |||