Comparison 1. Cognitive function.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1.1 Cognitive function (change from baseline, short term)	4	344	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.42 [‐0.64, ‐0.21]
1.2 Cognitive function (change from baseline, medium term)	3	411	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.40 [‐0.87, 0.07]
1.3 Cognitive function (change in SMMSE from baseline, long term)	1	108	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐2.09 [‐3.43, ‐0.75]
1.4 Cognitive function (change in BPMSE from baseline, medium term) for Hong 2018	1	57	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.90 [‐2.18, 0.38]
1.5 Cognitive function (change in MMSE from baseline, medium term) for Hong 2018	1	57	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [‐0.09, 1.29]