1. Outcome measures of included studies.

Study	Outcomes	Length of observation
Quantity of health services provided
Bilardi 2010	Women tested	12 months
Christensen 2000	Documentation rate Frequency of cognitive services (CS) Frequency of CS interventions Primary results of CS interventions CS intervention rates per 100 prescriptions Patients receiving CS, by problem type Pharmacists self‐reported time per CS	20 months
Clarkson 2008	Children with 1 or more sealant per dentist	18 months
Davidson 1992	Proportion of primary care physician visits Proportion of non‐primary care physician visits Proportion of hospitalisations	18 months
Fairbrother 1999	UTD immunisation coverage (% of patients) for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and haemophilus influenzae type b; polio Percentage of visits in the 4 months prior to review that were missed opportunities to immunise Percentage of immunisations received outside the participating practice amongst children with 1 or more immunisations	12 months
Fairbrother 2001	UTD levels calculated from data from all sources for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTP); Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib); polio; and Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccines; Average number of UTD coverage for DTP, Hib, polio vaccine, and MMR; Percentage of well visits in the 4 months before review that were missed opportunities to immunise Percentage of sick visits in the 4 months before review that were missed opportunities to immunise	12 months
Flierman 1992	Changes in numbers of services per week per 1000 registered patients performed	12 months
Gleeson 2017	The number of incentivised services provision (2 well care, 2 asthma, and 10 immunisation) The number of unincentivised measures (2 acute illness, 2 attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 2 immunisation, and a screening)	12 months
Gosden 2003	The proportion in which a prescription was given or a referral made Changes in cervical cytology, child immunisation, and pre‐school booster rates	18 months
Greene 2013	The number of diabetes test provision The number of cervical cancer screening provision	15 years
Hickson 1987	The number of visits in excess of the recommended	24 months
Kouides 1998	Influenza vaccination rate	12 months
Krasnik 1990	Number of face‐to‐face consultations per 1000 enlisted patients Number of consultations by telephone per 1000 enlisted patients Number of diagnostic services per 1000 enlisted patients Number of curative services per 1000 enlisted patients	9 months
Lee 2010	Number of essential exams/tests Number of diabetes‐related physician visits Number of diabetes‐related hospitalisations	24 months
Li 2013	Senior flu shots rate Toddler immunisation rate Pap smears rate Mammograms rate Colorectal cancer screenings rate	120 months
Lurie 1992	The number of referrals to specialists	24 months
Twardella 2007	The number of patients getting prescription of smoking cessation drugs	12 months
Yesalis 1980	Percentage of Medicaid prescriptions classified as multi‐source drug products Numbers of prescriptions involving changes in labeller Numbers of prescriptions involving changes in labeller on refills	36 months
Yesalis 1984	Average days' therapy per recipient‐month in control and experimental counties over time (institutional) Average days' therapy per recipient‐month in control and experimental counties over time (non‐institutional)	36 months
Young 2007	Mean rate of glycated haemoglobin check Mean rate of urinalysis check Mean rate of LDL check Mean rate of eye exams	‐
Quality of health services provided
Chung 2010	Mean rate of LDL check	24 months
Gosden 2003	Mean rate of eye exams	18 months
Petersen 2013	Use of guideline‐recommended antihypertensive medicines	12 months
Young 2007	4 diabetes performance measures: glycated haemoglobin check, urinalysis, LDL check, eye exam	‐
Young 2012	Performance scores of eye examination Performance scores of glycated haemoglobin tests Performance scores of lipoprotein density level screening Performance scores of nephropathy test	36 months
Patient outcomes
Gleeson 2017	Proportion of asthma, 12 to 18 years proportion of asthma, 5 to 11 years Proportion of pharyngitis Proportion of upper respiratory infection Proportion of influenza Proportion of rotavirus	‐
Houle 2016	Mean systolic blood pressure reduction Mean diastolic blood pressure reduction	45 months
Jensen 2014	Proportion of low birth weight Proportion of preterm birth Proportion of very preterm birth The average birth weight Mean fetal growth rate	21 months
Lurie 1992	General health status Index (4 to 16) Physical functioning index (0 to 9) Social contact index (0 to 120)	11 months
Petersen 2013	Proportion of blood pressure control or appropriate response to uncontrolled blood pressure of physicians' patients Proportion of use of guideline‐recommended antihypertensive medications of physicians’ patients	16 months
Singh 2015	Mean weight of the child Mean grade (as measured in the Anganwadi) of the child Mean z‐score of the child Malnourished status of the child according to WHO	12 months
Twardella 2007	Self‐reported smoking abstinence obtained at 12 months follow‐up and validated by serum cotinine	12 months
Healthcare provider outcomes
Gosden 2003	Working times	18 months
Gray 2015	Workload Annual incomes	72 months
Costs
Davidson 1992	Expenditures	18 months
Lee 2010	Expenses for diabetes‐related physician visits	24 months
Yesalis 1980	Cost saving from generic substitution	36 months
Yesalis 1984	Cost saving from generic substitution	36 months
Adverse effects
Hickson 1987	The number of well patients	24 months
Petersen 2013	Reduction in blood pressure control and appropriate response to uncontrolled blood pressure after end of the intervention	12 months

LDL: low‐density lipoprotein
UTD: up‐to‐date
WHO: World Health Organization