Navathe 2019.

Methods	Cluster randomised trial
Participants	Physicians
Interventions	Illinosisi, US Intervention 1: Enhanced Pay‐for‐performance. Providing maximum Pay‐for‐perfomrance bonuses larger than previous years by a mean of USD 3355 per physician, an approximately 32% increase in bonus size and an increase of USD 16 per patient. Intervention 2: Enhanced Pay‐for‐performance plus loss aversion. Prefunded incentives are put in a virtual health system bank account in the physician name. If at the end of intervention year physicians earned less pay‐for‐performance bonus than were placed in the virtual accounts, the physician were required to pay back funds. Intervention 3: Enhanced Pay‐for‐performance plus increased social pressure. Providing increased proportion of pay‐for‐performance bonus determined by group performance from 30% to 50%.
Outcomes	The proportion of 20 evidence‐based quality measures achieved at the patient level
Notes