16.

Forest plot of splitting direct and indirect evidence for outcome adverse event: renal impairment (risk of bias: low). In addition to the confidence interval for the network estimator, a prediction interval is shown.

Local approach to check inconsistency—comparison of direct and indirect estimate for closed loops. There is one closed loop in the network (graph not shown; zoledronic acid—clodronate—no treatment/placebo). There is no significant difference between direct and indirect estimate (P value of test for disagreement: P = 0.538).