Grahn Kronhed 2009.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	Setting: Linköping, Sweden N = 73 Sample: women with osteoporosis identified from Linköping Hospital, Osteoporosis Unit files Age (years): mean 71.4, range 60 to 81 Inclusion criteria: BMD measured within previous 9 months and T‐score ≤ ‐2.5 SD Exclusion criteria: enrolled in a pharmacological RCT; requiring indoor walking aids; cognitively impaired (MMSE < 20); severe heart disease, malignancy, recent arthroplasty, unhealed fractures; unable to understand Swedish
Interventions	1. Group exercise programme (60 min, 2 x per wk, for 4 months) supervised by PT 2. Control: no intervention. Instructed not to change exercise routines for 1 year
Outcomes	1. Mean number of falls (no SD reported) 2. Number sustaining a fracture Other outcomes reported but not included in this review
Duration of the study	1 year
Notes	No participants sustained a fracture during follow‐up
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Method not described but assume it was truly random given that "An independent statistical unit randomized the participants ..."
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "An independent statistical unit randomized the participants..."
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Participants and personnel not blind to allocated group but impact of non‐blinding unclear
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Falls and fallers	Low risk	Quote: "… participants were followed‐up concerning … falls … for 1 year by the independent statistical unit." Probably blind to allocated group or at least unlikely to introduce bias.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Fractures	High risk	Appear to be participant‐reported fractures with no description of confirmation
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Falls	Unclear risk	SeeAppendix 3 for method of assessment. Insufficient information to permit judgement.
Risk of bias in recall of falls	Low risk	Quote: "... participants reported number of falls each week for the 1‐year study period"