Kamide 2009.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	Setting: Kanagawa, Japan N = 57 Sample: women registered at an employment agency for older people (see Notes) Age (years): mean 71 (SD 3.6) Inclusion criteria: aged ≥ 65 years; community‐dwelling; independently mobile; no restriction on physical activities Exclusion criteria: cerebrovascular, cardiopulmonary, neuromuscular, liver, or kidney disease; hyperparathyroidism; unstable diabetes mellitus or hypertension; fracture of spine or lower limbs; taking prednisolone; exercising regularly
Interventions	1. Home‐based exercise at least 3 days/wk for 24 wks. Initial 1‐hour educational session plus 1‐hour exercise instruction by PT. Exercise: stretching, moderate intensity lower‐limb strength training, balance training, impact training. No home visits but telephone or mail contact monthly. 2. Control: usual activities. Telephone or mail contact from PT every 3 months
Outcomes	1. Number of people falling
Duration of the study	Falls data for previous 6 months collected retrospectively at the end of 12 months follow‐up
Notes	Employment agency providing light work or volunteer activities for older people and encouraging social activities
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "The random assignment procedure was performed using random numbers generated by a computer program ..."
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "The subjects were randomly assigned to either the home‐based exercise group or the control group". Insufficient information to permit judgement.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants and therapists aware of group allocation with potential for performance bias. Intervention group: "the therapist contacted each subject by telephone or mail every month to maintain their motivation." Control group: "The subjects who were assigned to the control group were instructed to continue with their usual daily activities, with no restrictions on their exercise activities. A therapist contacted them every 3 months by telephone or mail."
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Falls and fallers	Low risk	Quote: "Functional capacity, physical function, and bone mineral density were assessed in all subjects in both groups before and after the 6‐month intervention. The staff performing the assessments were blinded to each subject's group assignment. Falls were also assessed before and after the 12‐month followup."
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Falls	Unclear risk	SeeAppendix 3 for method of assessment
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Fallers	High risk	SeeAppendix 3 for method of assessment
Risk of bias in recall of falls	High risk	Quote: "Falls were also assessed before and after the 12‐month followup." No concurrent recording described. No mention of frequent telephone monitoring.