Swanenburg 2007.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	Setting: Zurich, Switzerland N = 24 Sample: probably female patients in Center for Osteoporosis of the Department of Rheumatology Age (years): mean 71.2 (SD 6.8) Inclusion criteria: aged ≥ 65; living independently; with osteoporosis or osteopenia Exclusion criteria: severe peripheral or central neurological disease known to influence gait, balance or muscle strength; medical contraindications for exercise
Interventions	1. Intervention: vitamin 400 to 800 IU cholecalciferol and calcium 500 to 1000 mg/day according to physician assessment at baseline plus 12 wk training programme to improve balance, and a daily nutritional supplement enriched with proteins for 3 months 2. Control: vitamin 400 to 800 IU cholecalciferol and calcium 500 to 1000 mg/day according to physician assessment at baseline plus leaflet on home exercises
Outcomes	1. Rate of falls Other outcomes reported but not included in this review
Duration of the study	1 year
Notes	Pilot study
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "Random assignment ... with a stratified randomisation procedure."
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding of participants and treatment personnel not mentioned in report, but unlikely. Insufficient evidence to make judgement on impact of lack of blinding.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Falls and fallers	Low risk	Falls reported by participants who were aware of their group allocation. Outcome assessors were blind to allocation.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Falls	Unclear risk	SeeAppendix 3 for method of assessment
Risk of bias in recall of falls	High risk	Quote: "Falls were assessed by interview at each assessment" post intervention, 6, 9, and 12 months. Interval recall of 3‐month period.