Table 4.
Antiparasitic activity.
| Country | Part(s) | Extraction | Main compound(s) | Application(s) | Parasite | Activity(ies) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil, São Paulo | Leaves | HD | Dillapiole | Immersion | Leishmania amazonensis (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – growth inhibition of promastigote (IC50=59.4μm) | [73] |
| Brazil, Santa Catarina | Leaves | HD | (Z)-β-ocimene (7%), (E)-β-ocimene (13.9), safrole (6.2%), α-humulene (4.9%), α-humulene (20.9%), γ-cadinene (5.5%), spathulenol (5.3%) | Incubation | Leishmania amazonensis (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – Antipromastigote (IC50=25.9μg/mL) and antiamastigote (IC50=36.2μg/mL) activity | [7] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Leaves | HD | Piperitone (23.7%), camphor (17.1%), viridiflorol (14.5%) | Incubation | Leishmania amazonensis (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – Antipromastigote activity (IC50=23.8μg/mL) | [68] |
| Brazil, Minas Gerais (UFLA) | Leaves | HD | Nerolidol | Incubation | Leishmania braziliensis (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – Antipromastigote activity (IC50/24h=77.9μg/mL) | [105] |
| Brazil, São Paulo | Leaves | HD | Dillapiole | Immersion | Leishmania braziliensis (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – growth inhibition of promastigote (IC50=69.3μm) | [73] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Aerial parts | SD | NS | Incubation | Leishmania braziliensis (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – Antipromastigote activity (50.8μg/mL=100%) | [66] |
| – | – | – | *Dillapiole | Incubation | Leishmania chagasi (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – Antipromastigote activity (50μg/mL=99%) | [25] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Leaves | HD | Piperitone (23.7%), camphor (17.1%), viridiflorol (14.5%) | Incubation | Leishmania donovani (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – Antipromastigote activity (IC50=7.7μg/mL) | [68] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Leaves | HD | Piperitone (23.7%), camphor (17.1%), viridiflorol (14.5%) | Incubation | Leishmania infantum (Euglenozoa) | Leishmanicidal – Antiamastigote activity (IC50=8.1μg/mL) | [68] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Leaves | HD | Piperitone (23.7%), camphor (17.1%), viridiflorol (14.5%) | Incubation | Trypanosoma brucei (Euglenozoa) | Antitrypanosomal activity (IC50=2.0μg/mL) | [68] |
| Brazil, Minas Gerais (UFLA) | Leaves | HD | Linalool, nerolidol | Incubation | Trypanosoma cruzi (Euglenozoa) | Antitrypanosomal – activity against epimastigote (IC50/24h=84.7μg/mL at 28°C), amastigote (IC50/24h=9μg/mL at 37°C), cell-derived trypomastigote (IC50/24h=2.8 and 3.8μg/mL at 28°C and 4°C, respectively) and metacyclic trypomastigote (IC50/24h=12.1μg/mL at 28°C) | [15] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Leaves | HD | Piperitone (23.7%), camphor (17.1%), viridiflorol (14.5%) | Incubation | Trypanosoma cruzi (Euglenozoa) | Antitrypanosomal activity (IC50=2.1μg/mL) | [68] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Aerial parts | SD | NS | Incubation | Trichomonas vaginalis (Metamonada) | Trichomonacide (100μg/mL=100%) | [66] |
| Brazil, Ceará | Aerial parts (leaves and branches) | SD | Dillapiole (76.5%), piperitone (6.1%), terpinen-4-ol (2.3%), myristicin (2.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (1.5%), γ-terpinene (1.3%), germacrene-D (1.2%), apiole (1.2%) | Contact | Plasmodium falciparum (Apicomplexa) | Antiplasmodial activity (72h exposure, W2: 1.30ng/mL=100%; Dd2: 10.30mg/mL=77%) | [62] |
| Cuba, La Habana | Leaves | HD | Piperitone (23.7%), camphor (17.1%), viridiflorol (14.5%) | Incubation | Plasmodium falciparum (Apicomplexa) | Antiplasmodial activity (IC50=1.3μg/mL) | [68] |
| Brazil, Amazonas | Leaves | HD | dillapiole (76.2%) | Contact | Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda) | Egg-hatching inhibition (IC50=5.72mg/mL); Blocking larvae development (IC50=0.10mg/mL, IC90=0.34mg/mL) | [35] |
| Brazil, Minas Gerais | Leaves | HD | 1,8-cineole (55.8%), α-terpineol (5.9%), trans-ocimene (4.8%), β-pinene (4.7%), α-pinene (4.5%), bicyclogermacrene (4.4%) | Contact | Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda) | Egg-hatching inhibition (LC90=8.9mg/mL) | [71] |
| Brazil, Amazonas | Leaves | SD | Dillapiole (92%) | Contact (ingestion of medicated food by fishes) | Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda) | Larvicide (64 mL/kg=76.21% at 15days treatment) | [18] |
*Only the main compound was tested, Aerial parts: leaves and branches, HD: hydro-distillation, SD: steam-distillation, NS: not specified, EO: essential oil, LC90: lethal concentration for 90%, IC50: inhibitory concentration for 50%, IC90: inhibitory concentration for 90%.