Table 2.

Causes of testosterone deficiency

Medications or substance use		Opioids Glucocorticoids (prednisone) Chemotherapy Anticonvulsants Androgen deprivation therapy Exogenous estrogen Exogenous testosterone abuse Marijuana Alcohol abuse
Associated conditions	Acquired	Diabetes mellitus Metabolic syndrome Human immunodeficiency virus Hyperprolactinemia End-stage renal disease Liver disease Hemochromatosis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sleep apnea Orchitis (mumps) Sarcoidosis Pituitary tumor/adenoma Primary hypothyroidism
	Genetic	Kallman’s syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Congenital defect – anorchia, myotonic dystrophy, cryptorchidism
	Iatrogenic	Radiation Trauma Nutritional deficiency Excessive exercise