Table 3.
Operative and pathological outcomes
| Characteristic | n (%) or median (25th–75th) |
|---|---|
| Surgical approach | |
| Open | 17 (53%) |
| Robotic | 15 (47%) |
| Operative time (min) | 324 (290–379) |
| Estimated blood loss (mL) | 300 (250–575) |
| Postoperative length of stay (days) | 6 (5–12) |
| Total red blood cell transfused (units) | 0.5 (0–2) |
| Followup (months) | 17 (9–24) |
| 90-day complications | |
| Minor (Clavien-Dindo grade 1–2) | 16 (90%) |
| Major (Clavien-Dindo grade 3–5) | 8 (25%) |
| Emergency room visit | 12 (38%) |
| Re-admission | 8 (25%) |
| Re-operation | 1 (3%) |
| Death | 2 (6%) |
| Pathological stage | |
| pT0 | 5 (16%) |
| pTis | 1 (3%) |
| pT1 | 1 (3%) |
| pT2 | 7 (22%) |
| pT3 | 12 (38%) |
| pT4 | 6 (19%) |
| ≤pT1 | 7 (22%) |
| ≥pT2 | 25 (78%) |
| pNx | 2 (6%) |
| pN0 | 11 (34%) |
| pN1 | 5 (16%) |
| pN2 | 12 (38%) |
| pN3 | 2 (6%) |
| ≥pN1 | 21 (66%) |
| pT0N0 (pathological complete response) | 5 (16%) |
| Lymph node dissection | |
| Total nodes | 13.5 (8–20) |
| Positive nodes | 1 (0–2.8) |
| Residual disease at surgery | |
| Any | 9 (28%) |
| Gross residual disease (R2) | 7 (22%) |
| Positive soft tissue margin (R1) | 4 (13%) |
| Adjuvant treatment | |
| Any | 9 (29%) |
| Chemotherapy | 1 (3%) |
| Immuno-oncology | 7 (23%) |
| Radiation | 2 (6%) |
| Salvage treatment | |
| Any | 13 (42%) |
| Chemotherapy | 6 (19%) |
| Immuno-oncology | 9 (29%) |
| Radiation | 8 (26%) |
Of note, both patients staged as pNx had bulky, grossly unresectable nodal disease and were included in the calculation as ≥pN1. Data on subsequent treatment was not available for one patient. Adjuvant/salvage modalities do not sum to 100% because some patients received multiple treatments.