Figure 3.

Overview of thyroid differentiation protocols. Overview of published in vitro differentiation approaches to generate thyroid lineage cells from PSCs. Schematic shows key signaling molecules and growth factors, as well as the methods used to quantify differentiation outcomes. In vitro differentiation approaches are sub-divided into early studies involving LIF withdrawal/TSH addition, TF overexpression, directed differentiation approaches, as well as studies combining directed differentiation with TF overexpression. All studies were performed with mouse PSCs, except from the Kurmann et al. paper that also included work with human PSCs. DEX, Dexamethasone; IBMX, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a non-specific inhibitor of cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterases; SB, SB-431542, a chemical inhibitor of the activin receptor-like kinase receptors, ALK5, ALK4 and ALK7 (TGF-β signaling inhibitor); PCR, RT-PCR; qPCR, RT-qPCR; ICC, Immunocytochemistry.