Activation of RpoE rescues the ΔcvpA mutant’s sensitivity to DOC. (a) Dilution series of WT, ΔcvpA, ΔcvpA ΔmsbB, and ΔcvpA ΔrseA strains plated on LB or LB–1% deoxycholate (DOC). (b) Dilution series of WT, ΔcvpA, ΔcvpA strains transformed with empty expression vector pMMB207 and the ΔcvpA strain transformed with pMMB207 carrying IPTG-inducible rpoE plated on LB and LB–1% DOC with 0.1 mM IPTG.