Table 5. Comparison of plasma amino acids concentration (nmol/mL) between control, DM-cont, and DM-empa after 12 week treatment period.

	Control (n = 12)	DM-cont (n = 16)	DM-empa (n = 5)
proline	66.8±4.2	63.6±4.3	85.6±11.4
sarcosine	2.8±0.3	3.4±0.3	4.2±0.5*
glycine	107.3±8.6	107.6±7.7	162.0±16.8*#
glutamine	662.8±49.6	466.5±61.5*	400.7±37.8
ornithine	51.9±5.9	34.6±4.2*	31.4±4.2
tryptophan	47.3±2.9	37.8±3.5	31.0±2.9*
α-aminobutyric acid	7.6±1.1	5.7±0.3*	5.0±0.1*#
alanine	271.2±18.2	326.1±18.9	246.0±6.8
valine	96.7±6.4	134.9±10.5*	84.5±10.9#
isoleucine	34.9±2.2	46.1±3.7*	28.5±3.3#

Plasma concentration of amino acids showing VIP values ≥ 1. Data were represented as mean ± SE.

* p<0.05 vs control.

# p<0.05 vs DM-cont.