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. 2021 May 4;16(5):e0251042. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251042

Table 1. General demographic data of the study population.

Total (n = 40) HP positive (n = 22) HP negative (n = 18) p
Male gender, n (%) 20 (50.0) 12 (60.0) 8 (40.0) 0.525
Age (years) 63.6 ± 9.6 60.2 ± 10.3 67.8 ± 6.8 0.010
Age at onset (years) 55.9 ± 9.6 52.8 ± 10.0 59.7 ± 8.0 0.023
Smoking, n (%) 2 (5.0) 2 (9.1) 0 (0.0) 0.176
Vegetable/fruit (servings/day) 2.3 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 0.8 2.5 ± 0.6 0.173
Disease duration (years) 7.9 ± 5.0 7.5 ± 4.4 8.4 ± 5.8 0.542
SE-ADL 80.0 ± 6.4 77.7 ± 4.3 82.8 ± 7.5 0.018
Hoehn & Yahr stage 2.2 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 0.6 2.2 ± 0.9 0.966
Total LED (mg/day) 740.7 ± 310.9 738.8 ± 289.3 743.1 ± 344.1 0.966

  •     • Dopamine agonist, n (%)

 31 (77.5) 19 (86.4) 12 (66.7) 0.144

  •     • COMT inhibitor, n (%)

 21 (52.5) 10 (45.5) 11 (61.1) 0.336

  •     • MAO-B inhibitor, n (%)

 4 (10.0) 2 (9.1) 2 (11.1) 0.839

  •     • Anticholinergic use, n (%)

 8 (20.0) 7 (31.8) 1 (5.6) 0.039
Total TWOQ-9 score 5.3 ± 1.8 5.7 ± 1.5 4.7 ± 2.0 0.092

  •     • Tremor, n (%)

 26 (65.0) 18 (81.8) 8 (44.0) 0.014

  •     • Anxiety, n (%)

 10 (25.0) 7 (31.9) 3 (16.7) 0.271

  •     • Mood change, n (%)

 11 (27.5) 8 (36.4) 3 (16.7) 0.165

  •     • Slowness, n (%)

 38 (95.0) 21 (95.5) 17 (94.4) 0.884

  •     • Reduced dexterity, n (%)

 33 (82.5) 20 (90.9) 13 (72.2) 0.122

  •     • Stiffness, n (%)

 26 (65.0) 15 (68.2) 11 (61.1) 0.641

  •     • Slowness of thinking, n (%)

 16 (40.0) 8 (36.4) 8 (44.4) 0.604

  •     • Muscle cramping, n (%)

 25 (62.5) 13 (59.1) 12 (66.7) 0.622

  •     • Pain/aching, n (%)

 25 (62.5) 16 (72.8) 9 (50.0) 0.140
Total GI symptom score 13.7 ± 7.4 12.4 ± 6.7 15.4 ± 8.1 0.205
Total NMSQ score 35.4 ± 17.1 33.8 ± 13.5 37.9 ± 20.9 0.425
PDQ-8 score 9.9 ± 5.8 10.4 ± 4.9 9.2 ± 6.8 0.526
‘Off’ UPDRS motor score 30.9 ± 12.2 31.7 ± 9.9 29.8 ± 14.8 0.653
‘On’ UPDRS motor score 14.7 ± 9.3 14.3 ± 7.5 15.1 ± 11.3 0.800
Time up and go (sec) 12.0 ± 7.4 11.9 ± 8.3 12.1 ± 6.3 0.942
L-Dopa onset time (min) 19.2 ± 9.5 22.1 ± 8.1 15.4 ± 10.0 0.025
L-Dopa peak time (min) 35.0 ± 9.5 35.4 ± 8.8 34.5 ± 10.5 0.785
Daily ‘on’ time (h) 11.4 ± 2.2 10.9 ± 1.9 12.0 ± 2.4 0.117
Daily ‘off’ time (h) 4.3 ± 1.9 4.6 ± 1.6 3.9 ± 2.2 0.211
Dyskinesia (h) 1.4 ± 2.1 1.3 ± 1.8 1.5 ± 2.3 0.738

HP: Helicobacter pylori; SE-ADL: Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale; LED: Levodopa equivalent dose; COMT: Catechol-O-methyltransferase; MAO, monoamine oxidase; TWOQ-9: Thai version of the 9-item Wearing-off Questionnaire; GI: Gastrointestinal; NMSQ: Non-Motor Symptom Questionnaire; PDQ: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; L-Dopa: Levodopa.

Statistically significant p-values are in bold.