Table 3. Difference-in-difference regression results for subgroups.
| Highly adherent individuals | Individuals with polypharmacy | Excluding individuals with ICD F/ C | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N: FDC = 319, LDC = 114) | (N: FDC = 235, LDC = 85) | (N: FDC = 374, LDC = 108) | |||||||
| Outcomesa | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
| Adherence and Persistence | |||||||||
| Proportion of days covered | 0.17(0.02)*** | 0.22(0.03)*** | 0.25(0.04)*** | 0.20(0.03)*** | 0.30(0.04)*** | 0.34(0.05)*** | 0.22(0.03)*** | 0.29(0.04)*** | 0.30(0.05)*** |
| Days until discontinuationb | 101.12(12.41)*** | N/A | N/A | 101.28(13.31)*** | N/A | N/A | 118.10(14.15)*** | N/A | N/A |
| Indicators for health care utilization | |||||||||
| Outpatient cases | -0.30(0.84) | 0.27(0.78) | -0.18(0.79) | -0.46(1.12) | 0.32(1.00) | -0.48(1.25) | -0.65(0.92) | 0.16(0.75) | 0.11(1.02) |
| due to diabetes | -0.25(0.40) | 0.08(0.40) | 0.12(0.44) | -0.47(0.64) | -0.03(0.64) | 0.03(0.59) | 0.30(0.38) | 0.43(0.40) | 0.18(0.40) |
| Pharmaceutical prescriptions | -4.05(1.31) *** | -4.16(1.34) *** | -3.67(1.39) *** | -1.42(1.82) | 0.06(1.98) | -1.79(2.12) | -4.50(1.41) *** | -3.00(1.44) ** | -2.57(1.42) * |
| due to diabetes | -4.44(0.26) *** | -3.78(0.26) *** | -3.67(0.29) *** | -4.44(0.34) *** | -3.16(0.41) *** | -2.91(0.48) *** | -4.48(0.35) *** | -3.27(0.38) *** | -2.99(0.40) *** |
| Proportion with emergency visits | 0.00(0.05) | 0.05(0.05) | 0.05(0.05) | 0.00(0.06) | -0.11(0.07) | -0.14(0.08) * | 0.07(0.06) | 0.07(0.06) | 0.03(0.07) |
| due to T2D comorbidities | 0.01(0.03) | 0.00(0.03) | 0.02(0.03) | 0.00(0.03) | -0.05(0.05) | -0.02(0.05) | 0.03(0.02) | -0.02(0.04) | -0.02(0.05) |
| Therapeutic safety | |||||||||
| Proportion with adverse drug events | 0.02(0.05) | 0.01(0.05) | -0.01(0.05) | 0.02(0.04) | -0.09(0.07) | -0.06(0.06) | -0.01(0.05) | -0.02(0.05) | 0.00(0.05) |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Proportion with microangiopathic complications | |||||||||
| Eye complication | 0.00(0.05) | -0.03(0.06) | -0.05(0.06) | 0.02(0.05) | -0.10(0.07) | -0.06(0.06) | 0.00(0.06) | -0.08(0.08) | -0.06(0.08) |
| Renal failure | -0.02(0.05) | 0.02(0.06) | 0.00(0.06) | -0.02(0.05) | -0.19(0.09) ** | -0.17(0.09) ** | 0.02(0.05) | 0.06(0.06) | -0.00(0.06) |
| Diabetic foot syndrome/ Periphere neuropathy | 0.00(0.06) | 0.04(0.06) | 0.05(0.06) | 0.02(0.07) | 0.05(0.08) | 0.06(0.08) | 0.00(0.04) | 0.00(0.06) | -0.09(0.06) |
| Proportion with macroangiopathic complications | |||||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 0.03(0.03) | 0.01(0.03) | 0.01(0.03) | 0.01(0.04) | 0.00(0.06) | 0.05(0.04) | 0.01(0.02) | 0.01(0.03) | 0.00(0.02) |
| Ischemic heart disease | -0.01(0.04) | -0.06(0.04) | -0.04(0.04) | 0.02(0.06) | -0.04(0.07) | 0.00(0.07) | 0.00(0.06) | -0.05(0.06) | -0.04(0.07) |
| Angina pectoris | -0.01(0.03) | 0.01(0.02) | 0.00(0.03) | -0.03(0.03) | -0.01(0.03) | -0.07(0.05) | -0.01(0.03) | 0.00(0.03) | -0.08(0.05) |
| Heart failure | 0.03(0.02) | -0.02(0.04) | 0.02(0.04) | 0.01(0.03) | -0.06(0.06) | -0.06(0.06) | 0.01(0.01) | 0.00(0.03) | 0.03(0.02) * |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.01(0.03) | 0.01(0.03) | 0.00(0.03) | 0.00(0.04) | -0.01(0.05) | -0.05(0.06) | 0.01(0.02) | 0.02(0.02) | 0.02(0.02) |
FDC: Fixed-dose combination, LDC: Loose-dose combination, ICD: International classification of diseases
aValues show ATT(SE): Average treatment effect on the treated (standard error) with
* p<0.10,
** p<0.05,
*** p<0.01
brefers to discontinuation of treatment in year one of post-index period, estimated using weighted least squares