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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 4.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Behav Dev. 2020 Sep 10;45(3):256–268. doi: 10.1177/0165025420949690

Table 1.

Parcel Estimates for Honor, Face, and Dignity Endorsements, U.S. Sample.

Standardized parcel estimates (Standard errors)
Item parcels Honor Face Dignity
1. You maintain your dignity if you punish people that double-cross you
People will take advantage if you don’t show them how tough you are 0.588 (0.061)
2. Sometimes you have to fight to stop people from taking advantage of you
You lose respect if you back down from a fight 0.736 (0.062)
3. Only losers let people say insulting things to them and get away with it
It’s important to punish those who say bad things about family and friends 0.620 (0.060)
1. Parents and elders give the best advice about how to get along with others
I feel proud when I do my duty without calling attention to myself 0.640 (0.044)
2. It’s everyone’s duty to help people get along with each other
You maintain your dignity when you do your best in a humble way 0.879 (0.031)
3. Even when they do something wrong, you shouldn’t criticize others
I try to avoid conflict even if it means some disappointment
Having good relations with others is more important than being right 0.678 (0.041)
1. You show you have inner strength when you let things go 0.721 (0.044)
2. I do what my conscience says is right, even if others don’t agree
Everyone should be treated the same, no matter what their job is or what family they come from 0.482 (0.059)
3. Outer strength is pretty useless without inner strength and dignity
I feel proud when I do what is right and ignore what people think of me 0.601 (0.053)
Omegas (calculated from unstandardized estimates) Ω(6 items) = .69 Ω(7 items) = .79 Ω(5 items) = .65

Items discarded due to low estimates or cross-loadings
I would go to the ends of the earth to repay an important favor X
You lose honor if you don’t repay people for helping you out X
I couldn’t feel good about myself if I embarrassed my family X
People who fail to consider the wishes of the group are selfish X
You get along with others if you are humble and know your place X
People who act the toughest are usually the most insecure X
Getting back at someone is best left to the authorities X
Those who can forget about small insults earn people’s respect X
Punishment of wrongdoers is best left to the authorities X
When people believe in themselves, they don’t need to fight others X
People who get in fights just because someone insulted them look childish X
I shrug it off if someone criticizes or insults me in front of others X
You maintain your dignity when you don’t get upset by little insults X

Note. N = 267. Scale = 1 (not true) to 6 (true). Items were intermixed during administration.