Table 3:

Risk of Bias Assessment Based on the Cochrane Collaboration’s Tool

Authors	Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)	Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)	Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)	Selective reporting (reporting bias)
(Agren et al., 2012)	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
(Aikens, Trivedi, Aron et al., 2015)	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk*	Low risk
(Aikens, Trivedi, Heapy et al., 2015)	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk*	Low risk
(Badger et al., 2013)	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk
(Berli et al., 2016)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk*	Low risk
(Dew et al., 2004)	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
(Northouse et al., 2014)	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk*	Low risk
(Pfeiffer et al., 2017)	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Unclear risk	Low risk
(Piette et al., 2016)	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk*	Low risk
(Piette et al., 2015 and Piette, Striplin, Marinec, Chen, & Aikens, 2015)	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk
(Porter et al., 2018)	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk*	Low risk
(Porter et al., 2017)	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk*	Low risk
(Schover et al., 2012)	Low risk	Unclear risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk
(Song et al., 2015)	High risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk
(Srisuk et al., 2017)	Low risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk	Unclear risk	Low risk

Note:

^*Risk of bias assessment for short-term outcomes only; no long-term outcomes available.

Risk of bias was not assessed for four studies that only included acceptability measures (Fergus et al., 2014; Mayberry et al., 2016; Piette et al., 2008; Piette et al., 2013).