Table 4:

Intervention Characteristics

Authors	Intervention Focus	Theoretical Underpinnings and Guiding Principles	Intervention Components	Intervention Dosage	Type of Technology
(Agren et al., 2012)	Dyadic	Stuifbergen’s model that integrates concepts from Pender’s model of health promotion and Bandura’s self-efficacy theory Cognitive behavioral strategies	Psychoeducational intervention delivered through nurse-led face-to-face counseling, computer-based education, and other written teaching materials to assist dyads in improving psychosocial support and developing problem-solving skills	Three 60-minute sessions conducted 2, 6, and 12 weeks after hospital discharge	Computer-based CD-ROM educational program
(Aikens, Trivedi, Aron et al., 2015)	Patient	No information	Weekly Interactive Voice Response (IVR) self-monitoring calls to the patient with tailored self-management support messages Weekly structured email report to caregiver with suggestions to support patient’s self-management behaviors DVD-based training for caregivers on providing diabetes self-management support	3 or 6 months of weekly calls and email reports (mid-project positive findings supported the extension of the intervention duration to 6 months)	IVR calls, email reports, DVD-based training
(Aikens, Trivedi, Heapy et al., 2015)	Patient	No information	Weekly IVR self-monitoring calls to patient with tailored self-management support messages Weekly structured email report to caregiver with suggestions to support patient’s self-management behaviors	6 months of weekly calls and email reports	IVR calls and email reports
(Badger et al., 2013)	Dyadic	No information	Interpersonal counseling targeting social support behaviors and using interpersonal communication techniques (delivered over telephone or videophone)	Eight weekly 30-minute sessions of one-to-one counseling for patients Four 30-minute sessions every other week for partners	Videoconference (videophone or laptop computer to use Skype)
(Berli et al., 2016)	Patient	Dyadic action control: involving close others in awareness of standards (setting intentions), self-monitoring, and self-regulatory efforts	Individuals were assigned to one of two intervention groups: individual action control: individuals set behavioral activities that would allow them to reach physical activity recommendations and received text messages from study staff to remind them about their goals Dyadic action control: individuals set behavioral intentions with their partners to reach physical activity recommendations and received personalized text messages from their partners to remind them about their goals	One text message every weekday over 2 weeks (total of 10 messages)	Text messages
(Dew et al., 2004)	Patient	Problem-solving and cognitive-behavioral therapy principles	Interactive workshops to improve emotional adjustment to stress and medical compliance Discussion groups to keep in touch with other heart recipients and families “Ask an expert” module to consult the transplant team about nonemergency healthcare issues Healthy living tips and links to other resources	Weekly access to website for 4 months	Website
(Fergus et al., 2014)	Dyadic	Rolland’s developmental model of couple adaptation to illness Gottman’s theory of healthy relationship functioning Other models of dyadic coping	Dyadic learning modules that include experiential relationship enhancement exercises Articles on topics relevant to young couples and breast cancer Asynchronous online communication with a professional facilitator	6 sessions over 8 weeks and weekly interaction with the online facilitator	Website
(Mayberry et al., 2016)	Patient	Social control theory and family system theory (to guide the overall study) Goal-setting theory, cognitive behavioral therapy, and best practices in health communication	Phone coaching with patients to set goals, identify helpful/harmful family actions, build skills via role playing or teach-back method Text messaging support for motivation and reminder about goal If participated with a support person, support persons receive a text message tailored to the patient’s goal to support the patient and two text messages for general encouragement	One phone coaching session with the patient followed by two weeks of text message support (4 text messages per week for the patient and 3 text messages per week for the caregiver, if enrolled)	Text messages
(Northouse et al., 2014)	Dyadic	Stress and coping theory Based on the “Family Involvement” module of FOCUS program	Sessions to address concerns and facilitate communication and support Tailored messages and suggestions based on demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants	3 sessions over a 6-week period	Website and email review of each session
(Pfeiffer et al., 2017)	Patient	No information	Weekly IVR self-monitoring calls to patients Weekly structured email report to caregiver with suggestions to support the patient based on the phone call responses Weekly visits or phone calls to patient from their family caregiver (or the peer support specialist)	Intervention period: 6 months Weekly calls and email reports scheduled for the first 7 weeks Frequency can be reduced to monthly calls if patient has no or mild depressive symptoms for 3 weeks	IVR calls and email reports
(Piette et al., 2016)	Patient	No information	Weekly IVR self-monitoring calls to patients with tailored self-management support messages Weekly prerecorded call to caregivers to summarize the patient’s status and provide suggestions to support the patient’s self-management. Weekly communication between patients and family caregivers to discuss concerns	Up to 4 months of weekly calls	IVR calls
(Piette et al., 2015; Piette, Striplin, Marinec, Chen, & Aikens, 2015)	Patient	Self-regulation theory	Weekly IVR self-monitoring calls to patients with tailored self-management support messages Weekly structured email report to caregiver with suggestions to support patient’s self-management behaviors and links to online resources Information about positive and effective communication to caregivers Weekly communication between patient and caregiver to review the report and discuss issues	12 months of weekly calls and email reports	IVR calls and email reports
(Piette et al., 2013)	Patient	No information	Weekly IVR self-monitoring calls to patients with tailored self-management support messages Weekly structured email report to caregiver with suggestions to support patient’s self-management behaviors	6–15 weeks (12 weeks on average) of IVR calls and email reports	IVR calls and email reports
(Piette et al., 2008)	Patient	No information	Weekly IVR self-monitoring calls to patients with tailored self-management support messages Weekly structured email report to caregiver with suggestions to support patient’s self-management behaviors	Weekly IVR calls and email reports for the first 6 weeks, after which patients can reduce the frequency (unless they have increased depressive symptoms)	IVR calls and email reports
(Porter et al., 2018)	Dyadic	Interdependence theory and communal coping approach	Training in communication skills to identify and use effective social support strategies, engaging in joint decision-making about goals and plans for increasing physical activity, and working through barriers to make these changes	Four 60-min sessions (three weekly sessions with a booster session occurring one month later)	Videoconference
(Porter et al., 2017)	Dyadic	No information	Training in communication skills to disclose thoughts and feelings related to the cancer experience and make joint decisions about cancer-related issues Summary of the sessions and home practice assignments to incorporate the suggestions into daily life	Six 60-min weekly sessions	Videoconference
(Schover et al., 2012)	Dyadic	Sensate focus framework	Individuals were assigned to one of two intervention groups: face-to-face intervention or Internet-based intervention though access to a website and e-mail contact with the therapist. Exercises to increase expression of affection, improve sexual communication, increase comfort in initiating sexual activity, and facilitate resuming sex without performance anxiety. Choosing an erectile dysfunction treatment based on a decision aid tool	Intervention period: 12 weeks. Three face-to-face sessions (50–90 minutes each) or self-paced Internet-based sessions. Booster calls (15–30 minutes) to both groups at 1 month and at 3 months.	Website and email communication with facilitator
(Song et al., 2015)	Dyadic	Stress and coping theory Integrated components from an existing theory-based, family-oriented intervention (the FOCUS program)	Two mandatory modules about working as a team and survivorship issues Five optional modules about managing specific symptoms Modules included information, links to videos demonstrating relevant skills, and assignments to facilitate collaboration	Intervention period: 8 weeks; self-paced modules (recommended one per week) Each module provided 10–20 minutes of information without accounting for the time spent on assignments.	Website
(Srisuk et al., 2017)	Dyadic	Adult learning theory (educational component) Family-focused framework	Face-to-face education counseling session Manual and DVD with matched content about coping with HF and gaining knowledge and self-care skills Telephone calls using the teach-back method	Intervention period: 6 months One face-to-face session (40–60 minutes) Nine chapters (using the manual and DVD) Nine telephone calls (15 minutes each)	DVD