Table 4.
GRADE for quality of evidence profile.
| Outcomes | Study | Number of studies | Effect (95% CI) | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPR | Smith et al. (19) | 20 | RR 1.32 (1.07, 1.62) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | High |
| Xie et al. (21) | 27 | RR 1.21 (1.07, 1.38) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Moderate | |
| Zhang et al. (22) | 31 | RR 1. 19 (1.06, 1.34) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Moderate | |
| Schwarze et al. (30) | 6 | RR 0. 87 (0.77, 0.98) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | High | |
| Jo and Lee (23) | 4 | RR 1.35 (1.05, 1.74) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low | |
| Yang et al. (24) | 14 | RR 1.43 (1.15, 1.77) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Reporting bias | Low | |
| Qian et al. (25) | 30 | OR 1.26 (1.06, 1.50) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Shen et al. (26) | 10 | RR 1.24 (1.02, 1.50) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Reporting bias | Low | |
| Manheimer et al. (31) | 7 | OR 1.65 (1.27, 2.14) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Moderate | |
| Qu et al. (32) | 17 | RR 1. 09 (0.94, 1.26) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Zheng et al. (27) | 23 | OR 1.22 (1.01, 1.47) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Moderate | |
| Yu (28) | 11 | RR 1.34 (1.09, 1.66) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Reporting bias | Low | |
| Manheimer et al. (29) | 7 | OR 1.65 (1.27, 2.14) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Reporting bias | Moderate | |
| El-Toukhy et al. (33) | 8 | RR 1.23 (0.96, 1.58) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Moderate | |
| LBR | Zhang et al. (38) | 12 | RR 1.36 (1.09, 1.69) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | High |
| Jo and Lee (23) | 1 | RR 1.61 (0.73, 3.58) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Low | |
| Yang et al. (24) | 8 | RR 1.18 (0.89, 1.58) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Low | |
| Qian et al. (25) | 9 | OR 1.17 (0.80, 1.72) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Qu et al. (32) | 6 | RR 1.42 (0.92, 2.20) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Zheng et al. (27) | 6 | OR 1.09 (0.74, 1.60) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Manheimer et al. (29) | 4 | OR 1. 91 (1.39, 2.64) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Reporting bias | Moderate | |
| El-Toukhy et al. (33) | 5 | RR 1.34 (0.85, 2.11) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Moderate | |
| Yu (28) | 6 | RR 1.28 (0.91, 1.79) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| BPR | Zhang et al. (38) | 12 | RR 1.12 (0.92, 1.35) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Qian et al. (25) | 17 | OR 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Qu et al. (32) | 9 | RR 1.01 (0.84, 1.20) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Low | |
| OPR | Zhang et al. (22) | 9 | RR 1.21 (0.95, 1.55) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Qian et al. (25) | 10 | OR 1.14 (0.87, 1.48) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Qu et al. (32) | 8 | RR 1.20 (0.93, 1.56) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| Manheimer et al. (29) | 5 | OR 1.87 (1.40, 2.49) | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Reporting bias | Moderate | |
| Yu (28) | 6 | RR 1.28 (0.91, 1.79) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low | |
| MR | Zhang et al. (22) | 12 | RR 0.89 (0.67, 1.20) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Qu et al. (32) | 5 | RR 0.94 (0.67, 1.33) | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Reporting bias | Very low |