Table 1. Demographics, Special Populations, and Outcome Measurements.
Table 1 describes the study cohort, dichotomized into those which received 30 mL/kg by the first three hours of resuscitation (30by3) vs. those who had reached 30mL/kg after 3 hours (30after3). Seventy-eight patients total received no fluids within 3 hours of sepsis onset and were included in the ‘30after3’ group.
| Total | 30by3 | 30after3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Patients | 1,032 | 509 | 523 |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years), mean±SD | 63.4 ± 17.0 | 62.7 ± 17.7 | 64.0 ± 16.3 |
| Male sex, n(%) | 510 (49.4%) | 236 (46.4%) | 274 (52.4%) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean±SD | 27.2 ± 8.8 | 23.9 ± 6.2 | 30.5 ± 9.8 |
| MEDS score, mean±SD | 10.6 ± 4.7 | 10.8 ± 4.5 | 10.4 ± 4.8 |
| Time to diagnosis (hr), mean±SD | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.5 |
| Special Populations, n(%) | |||
| Elderly | 488 (47.3%) | 226 (44.4%) | 262 (50.1 %) |
| Obesity | 292 (28.3%) | 69 (13.6%) | 223 (42.6%) |
| ESRD | 101 (9.8%) | 19 (3.7%) | 82 (15.7%) |
| HF | 245 (23.7%) | 67 (13.2%) | 178 (34.0%) |
| “Overload” | 208 (20.2%) | 42 (8.3%) | 166 (31.7%) |
| Shock | 653 (63.3%) | 359 (70.5%) | 294 (56.2%) |
| In-Hospital Metrics | |||
| ED LOS (hr), mean±SD | 9.4 ± 4.7 | 9.1 ± 4.4 | 9.7 ± 5.0 |
| ICU Admission, n(%) | 606 (58.7%) | 315 (61.9%) | 291 (55.6%) |
| ICU LOS (days), mean±SD | 2.6 ± 4.3 | 2.3 ± 3.8 | 2.9 ± 4.7 |
| Hospital LOS (days), mean±SD | 9.9 ± 9.4 | 9.2 ± 7.9 | 10.6 ± 10.6 |
| Mortality | 176 (17.1%) | 74 (14.5%) | 102 (19.5%) |
| Severe Sepsis (% of severe group) | 43 (11.3%) | 16 (10.7%) | 27 (11.8%) |
| Shock (% of shock group) | 133 (20.4%) | 58 (16.2%) | 75 (25.5%) |
| Sepsis Parameters | |||
| ≥2 SIRS Criteria, n(%) | 881 (85.4%) | 445 (87.4%) | 436 (83.4%) |
| ≥2 qSOFA Criteria, n(%) | 345 (33.4%) | 188 (36.9%) | 157 (30.0%) |
| Volume IVF by 3h (L), median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0–2.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.5) | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) |
| MAP mmHg, median (IQR) | 79.5 (66.7–95) | 79.3 (66.7–94.7) | 80.0 (52–79) |
| Lactate mmol/L, mean±SD | 3.5 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 3.2 ± 2.4 |
| Time to ABx (hr), mean±SD | 1.3 ± 3.3 | 0.7 ± 3.4 | 1.8 ± 3.1 |
| Intubation, n (%) | 158 (15.3%) | 77 (15.1%) | 81 (15.5%) |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 215 (20.8%) | 108 (21.2%) | 107 (20.5%) |
| Positive blood cultures, n (%) | 325 (31.5%) | 165 (32.4%) | 160 (30.6%) |
| Sepsis Source, n (%) | |||
| Pneumonia | 313 (30.3%) | 162 (31.8%) | 151 (28.9%) |
| Genitourinary | 248 (24.0%) | 132 (25.9%) | 116 (22.2%) |
| Abdominal | 151 (14.6%) | 75 (14.7%) | 76 (14.5%) |
| Skin/Soft Tissue | 143 (13.9%) | 53 (10.4%) | 90 (17.2%) |
| Indwelling IV catheter | 53 (5.1%) | 22 (4.3%) | 31 (5.9%) |
| Other/Unknown | 124 (12.0%) | 65 (12.8%) | 59 (11.3%) |
Legend: SD = standard deviation, IQR = interquartile range, BMI = body mass index, MEDS = Mortality in Emergency Department, Special Populations: Elderly = age ≥65 years, obesity = BMI >30 kg/m2, ESRD = end-stage renal disease, on peritoneal or hemodialysis prior to hospitalization, HF = heart failure, defined as echocardiogram with ejection fraction <45% within one year of hospitalization or as documented in the medical chart (including those with preserved ejection fraction), “Overload” = physician documentation of volume overload status precluding fluid administration. ED LOS = Emergency Department length of stay (hours), ICU = intensive care unit, Sepsis, SIRS = systemic inflammatory response syndrome (defined in Supplementary 1b), qSOFA = quick sequential organ failure assessment (defined in Supplementary 1b), IVF = intravenous fluids administered by bolus, MAP = mean arterial pressure, ABx = antibiotics.