Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics (Overall and Low Handgrip Strength)
| Variables | All Sample | Low Handgrip Strength | Normal Handgrip Strength | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=9368) | (n=4711) | (n=4657) | ||
| Age(years) (mean, SD) | 72.4±5.7 | 73.6 ±6.1 | 71.2±5.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 23.6±3.5 | 23.0 ±3.6 | 24.1±3.3 | <0.001 |
| Handgrip strength(kg) (mean, SD) | 24.4±11.7 | 17.1±6.2 | 31.9±11.3 | <0.001 |
| Gender (n, %) | 0.032 | |||
| Female | 3935(42.0%) | 2030(43.1%) | 1905(40.9%) | |
| Male | 5433(58.0%) | 2681(56.9%) | 2752(59.1%) | |
| Education (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| No formal schooling | 1505(16.1%) | 963(20.4%) | 542(11.6%) | |
| Primary | 2673(28.5%) | 1482(31.5%) | 1191(25.6%) | |
| High | 3798(40.5%) | 1707(36.2%) | 2091(44.9%) | |
| University | 1390(14.9%) | 558(11.9%) | 832(17.9%) | |
| Ethnicity (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Han | 8804(94.0%) | 4366(92.7%) | 4438(95.3%) | |
| Other | 564(6.0%) | 345(7.3%) | 219(4.7%) | |
| Marital status (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Wisdom or divorce | 1057(11.3%) | 622(13.2%) | 435(9.3%) | |
| Marriage | 8300(88.7%) | 4083(86.8%) | 4217(90.7%) | |
| Cancer (n, %) | 0.0007 | |||
| Yes | 2489(26.6%) | 1179(25.0%) | 1310(28.1%) | |
| No | 6879(73.4%) | 3532(75.0%) | 3347(71.9%) | |
| Smoking (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Nonsmoker | 6190(66.1%) | 3178(67.4%) | 3012(64.7%) | |
| Current smoker | 1029(11.0%) | 451(9.6%) | 578 (12.4%) | |
| Former smoker | 2149(22.9%) | 1082(23.0%) | 1067 (22.9%) | |
| Drinking (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Nondrinker | 7151(76.3%) | 3659(77.7%) | 3492(75.0%) | |
| Current drinker | 1084(11.6%) | 457(9.7%) | 627(13.5%) | |
| Former drinker | 1133(12.1%) | 595(12.6%) | 538(11.5%) | |
| Fall history in last 12 months (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 8060(86.0%) | 3916(83.1%) | 4144(89.0%) | |
| Yes | 1308(25.0%) | 795(16.9%) | 513(11.0%) | |
| Vison function (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1948(20.8%) | 1078(22.9%) | 870(18.7%) | |
| No | 7420(79.2%) | 3633(77.1%) | 3787(81.3%) | |
| Hearing (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1688(18.0%) | 974(20.7%) | 714(15.3%) | |
| No | 7688(82.0%) | 3737(79.3%) | 3943(84.7%) | |
| Sleep function (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 5342(57.0%) | 2514(53.4%) | 2828(60.7%) | |
| No | 4026(43.0%) | 2197(46.6%) | 1829(39.3%) | |
| Urinary function (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 8077(86.2%) | 3968(84.2%) | 4109(88.2%) | |
| no | 1291(13.8%) | 743(15.8%) | 548(11.8%) | |
| Depression (n, %) | ||||
| Yes | 1528 (16.3%) | 1036(22.0%) | 492(10.6%) | |
| No | 7840 (83.7%) | 3675(78.0%) | 4165(89.4%) | |
| Frailty (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1609(17.2%) | 1175(24.9%) | 434(9.3%) | |
| No | 7759(82.8%) | 3536(75.1%) | 4223(90.7%) | |
| Cognitive impairment (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1823(20.2%) | 1199(26.8%) | 624(13.7%) | |
| No | 7203(79.8%) | 3282(73.2%) | 3921(86.3%) | |
| MNASF (n, %) | <0.001 | |||
| Normal nutritional | 5116(54.6%) | 2097(44.5%) | 3019(64.8%) | |
| At risk of malnutrition | 3244(34.6%)) | 1884(40.0%) | 1360(29.2%) | |
| Malnourished | 1008(10.8%) | 730(15.5%) | 278(6.0%) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MNA-SF, Mini Nutritional Assessment.