Table 1.

How Bias Varies if Select Simulation Parameters Are Varied While Holding the Other Parameters Constant at Their Main Analysis Value, for the Scenario Where Exposure and Confounder Are Nondifferentially Misclassified and the Errors Are Dependent^a

Parameter	Main Analysis Value	Value Examined	Direction of Bias	Magnitude of Bias
,	0	−2	Toward the null	−0.257
		−1	Away from the null	0.094
		0	Away from the null	0.603
		1	Away from the null	1.036
		2	Away from the null	1.259
	0.50	0.25	Away from the null	0.438
		0.50	Away from the null	0.603
		0.75	Away from the null	0.768
	0.85	0.50	Away from the null	0.700
		0.75	Away from the null	0.648
		0.85	Away from the null	0.603
		0.95	Away from the null	0.436
	0.95	0.50	Toward the null	−0.122
		0.75	Away from the null	0.176
		0.85	Away from the null	0.362
		0.95	Away from the null	0.603
, where	0.90	−0.90	Toward (past) the null	−2.184
		−0.50	Toward the null	−1.748
		0.50	Toward the null	−0.036
		0.90	Away from the null	0.603
		1.50	Away from the null	1.282

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; Se, sensitivity; Sp, specificity.

^a Notation: , correctly measured exposure; , misclassified exposure; , coefficient determining amount of misclassification in ; E(X), expected value of variable X; , variable used to induce misclassification; , correctly measured confounder 1; , misclassified confounder 1; , confounder 2; P(X), probability of X; SD(X), standard deviation of X.