Table 2.
Location and effects of P2 receptors in diabetes and obesity.
| Receptor subtype | Location | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Liver | ||
| P2Y1 | Rat hepatocytes | Stimulates glycogen phosphorylase [103] |
| P2Y13 | Mouse liver | Activation increased reverse cholesterol transport [104] |
| P2Y13 | Mouse liver | KO decreases hepatic HDL cholesterol uptake [105] |
| Skeletal muscle | ||
| P2Y6 | C2C12 cell line | Activation increased glucose uptake [108] |
| P2Y6 | Mouse skeletal muscle | KO decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in obese mice, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity [109] |
| Pancreas | ||
| P2X3 | Human beta cells | ATP increases calcium concentration [117] |
| P2Y1 | Human beta cells | ATP stimulate electrical activity, regulating calcium flux [115] |
| P2Y1 | STZ rats-perfused pancreas Activation caused insulin response same as control [124, 125] | |
| P2Y1 | Mouse islets | KO showed higher glucose-stimulated insulin response [126] |
| P2Y1 | Mouse islets | Activation decreased glucose-stimulated insulin response [127] |
| P2Y1 | MIN6 cell line | Activation increased insulin response [128] |
| P2Y6 | MIN6 cell line | Activation increased insulin response [129] |
| Adipose tissue | ||
| P2Y1 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Promotes adipogenic differentiation [130] |
| P2Y1 | Mouse whole body | KO decreased leptin production [147] |
| P2Y2 | Human adipocytes | Suppress basal lipolysis [134] |
| P2Y2 | Mouse whole body | KO protected from HFD-induced obesity, improved glucose tolerance, impaired adipocyte differentiation [135] |
| P2Y4 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Promotes adipogenic differentiation [130] |
| P2Y4 | Mouse whole body | KO increased adiponectin levels [147] |
| P2Y6 | Mouse adipocytes | Activation increased glucose uptake [108] |
| P2Y6 | Mouse adipose tissue | KO protected from diet induced obesity/inflammation [109] |
| P2Y13 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Promotes anti-adipogenic effect [136] |
| P2Y14 | Mouse whole body | KO protected from HFD induced insulin resistance, reduced macrophage infiltration in the liver [144] |
| P2Y14 | Mesenchymal stem cells | Promotes anti-adipogenic effect [131] |
| P2X7 | Mouse whole body | KO gained more weight, adipocyte hyperplasia, activation caused anti-adipogenic effect [137, 138, 131] |
| P2X7 | Mouse adipocytes | Antagonism suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome [141, 142] |
| P2X7 | Mouse whole body | KO protected from diet induced obesity, inflammation [143] |
| Hypothalamus | ||
| P2Y6 | Mouse AgRP neurons | Activation promoted feeding [153] |
| P2Y6 | Mouse AgRP neurons | Antagonist inhibited feeding in obesity [154] |
| P2Y6 | Mouse AgRP neurons | KO protected from diet-induced insulin resistance [154] |