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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2020 Dec 28;30(4):429–438. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1865308

Figure 1: Schematic representation of immune cell targeting strategies in CCA.

Figure 1:

Strategies overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment are represented schematically. Inhibition or depletion tumor associated macrophage (TAM) and/or myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) abrogates the cytotoxic T (CD8+ T) exhaustion. Activates antigen-presenting cell (APC) like dendritic cell (DC) or stimulate the T cell activity accelerate anti-tumor response in CCA. CD40: cluster of differentiation 40; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4; DCs: dendritic cells; GITR: glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; LAG3: lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein; LXR: liver-X receptor; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; OX40: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; TAM: tumor associated macrophage.