. 2021 May 5;198:111281. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111281

Table 1.

Health effects of PM on the respiratory system.

S. No.	PM type	Country/Location	Period	Patients/Subject	Health effects	Reference
1.	PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁	Oporto, Portugal	2018–2019	65 mothers and their newborns	PM₁₀ deposited in the head region, while PM_2.5 and PM₁ deposited in the pulmonary area	Madureira et al. (2020)
2.	PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁	7 Northeastern Chinese cities	2012–2013	6740 children	Impaired lung function with significant impact on body mass index (BMI)	Xing et al. (2020)
3.	PM₁₀ and PM_2.5	96 cities of China	2013–2016	Meteorological and hospital data	Increases the risk of COPD	Tian et al. (2020)
4.	PM₁₀ and PM_2.5	China	2013–2018	69,491 patients	Increases the risk of respiratory system related diseases	Chang et al. (2020)
5.	PM₁₀ and PM_2.5	4 Brazilian Southeast capitals	2015–2018	Meteorological and hospital data	Causes respiratory diseases	de Oliveira Fernandes et al. (2020)
6.	PM₁₀	Taiwan	2010–2012	120 children	Adverse effects on lung function	Yen et al. (2020)
7.	PM₁₀	Bangkok, Thailand	2013–2018	Meteorological and hospital data	Respiratory diseases are associated with air pollution	Thongkum et al. (2020)
8.	PM₁₀	England	1991–1992	14,541 pregnant women with 13,963 children	Reductions in lung function in mid-childhood	Cai et al. (2020)
9.	PM_2.5	Shanghai, China	2012–2014	5281 participants	Decreases forced vital capacity (FVC), inspiration capacity (IC), and vital capacity (VC) with impaired lung function	Hou et al. (2020)
10.	PM_2.5	Shenyang, China	2015–2016	114 healthy volunteers	Causes imbalancein the oropharyngeal microbiota and impaired lung function in young people	Li et al. (2019a)
11.	PM_2.5	United States	2000–2018	7071 participants	Associated with increased emphysema	Wang et al. (2019a)
12.	PM	Eastern Massachusetts	2012–2014	81 COPD patients	Promotes systemic oxidative stress	Huang et al. (2020)