Table 2.
Health effects of PM on the cardiovascular system.
| S. No. | PM type | Country/Location | Period | Patients/Subject | Health effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | PM2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM10, | United States | 2007–2017 | 165,675 participants | PM2.5 is associated with higher leukocyte count and reduced CD8+ T-cell proportions. Increased risk for CVD | Gondalia et al. (2020) |
| 2. | PM2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM10 | Taiwan | 2006–2011 | 90 Patients with prior myocardial infarction | Affects cardiac autonomic balance | Hung et al. (2020) |
| 3. | PM10 and PM2.5 | Yichang, China | 2015–2017 | 391,960 inpatient admissions | Increases respiratory disease and CVD hospital admissions | Yao et al. (2020a) |
| 4. | PM10 and PM2.5 | 9 cities in France, Iran and Italy | 2015–2016 | Meteorological and medical data | Increased risk of mortality for people with CVD and respiratory diseases | Sicard et al. (2019) |
| 5. | PM2.5 | Ann Arbor, Michigan | Two weeks | 50 participants | Worsened aortic hemodynamics and increased the risk for CVD | Morishita et al. (2019) |
| 6. | PM2.5 | Seoul, Korea | 2007 | 364 patients | Increased risk of rupture-prone coronary plaque | Yang et al. (2019) |
| 7. | PM2.5 | Allegheny County, Pennsylvania | 2007–2015 | 31,414 individuals with atrial Fibrillation (AF) | Associated with high risk of ischemic stroke | Rhinehart et al. (2020) |
| 8. | PM2.5 | Shanghai, China | 2014–2016 | 1,016,579 participants outpatients | Increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias | Yang et al. (2020) |
| 9. | PM2.5 | United States | 2000 | 565,477 participants | Increased mortality due to ischemic heart disease and stroke | Hayes et al. (2019) |
| 10 | PM2.5 | Swedish | 2018–2019 | 2927 participants | Increased dementia incidence via the heart failure and ischemic heart disease | Grande et al. (2020) |
| 11. | PM2.5 | China | 2016–2017 | 2337 patients in intensive cardiac care unit | High risk of acute non-cardiovascular critical illnesses | Chen et al. (2020a) |
| 12. | PM2.5 | North Carolina | 2004–2016 | 35,084 heart failure patients | Increased risk in individuals with cardiac failure | Ward-Caviness et al. (2020) |
| 13. | PM 2.5 | Boston | 2011–2012 | 237 maternal–infant pairs | Disrupt cardiac vagal tone during infancy, reduced autonomic flexibility | Cowell et al. (2019) |
| 14. | PM2.5 | China | 2013–2016 | Meteorological and medical data | Increased risks of CVD death | Xia et al. (2019) |