Table 1.

Multiple changes in ocular parameters via ophthalmological assessments are associated with neurological disorders.

	Saccades	Pupillary/blinking response	RNFL	Microvasculature	ERG
Autism	Decrease eye fixation at 2–6 months old (29); saccade dysmetria (11); impaired tracking of moving targets (33)	A longer latency of the blink reflex in high-functioning autism (63)	–	–	Decreased rod b-wave amplitude in flash ERG (30)
Alzheimer's disease	Poor eye fixation (35)	Delayed pupillary constriction (36, 60)	Reduced RNFL thickness especially in the superior quadrant (40, 41)	Narrower retinal venules and sparser and more tortuous retinal vessels (38)	Markedly decreased contrast sensitivity (37)
Schizophrenia	Performed worse in predictive, reflexive, and antisaccade tasks (64)	Blink rates are frequently elevated (65)	Thinning of RNFL (47, 48)	Widened retinal venules (46)	Abnormal ERG amplitudes including rods, cones, bipolar cells, and RGCs (53)
Major depression	Elevated error rates and increased reaction times (56, 57)	Reduced PIPR and a lower PIPR percent change in response to blue light in patients with SAD (59)	–	–	Significantly reduced contrast sensitivity using PERG (54, 55)

Some similar features among these diseases further indicate a requirement of more precise analyses via machine learning and deep learning. ERG, electroretinogram; PERG, pattern electroretinogram; PIPR, post-illumination pupillary response; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; SAD, seasonal affective disorder.