Table 2.
Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of surviving agitated and non-agitated patients, n = 308.
| Demographics | All surviving (n = 308) | Agitated (n = 162) | Not agitated (n = 146) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) | 44.8 (SD 19.6) | 40.7 (SD 17.7) | 49.3 (SD 20.6) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 230 (74.7%) | 129 (56.1%) | 101 (43.9%) | 0.035 |
| Female | 78 (25.3%) | 33 (42.3%) | 45 (57.7%) | |
| Mean GCS on admission | 4.6 (SD 1.9) | 4.7 (SD 1.9) | 4.5 (SD (1.8) | 0.25 |
| Mean ISS | 27.9 (SD 13.0) | 27.9 (SD 13.2) | 27.9 (SD 12.9) | 0.97 |
| Mean Rotterdam (n = 304) | 2.9 (SD 1.0) | 2.9 (SD 0.9) | 3.0 (SD 1.1) | 0.30 |
| Mechanism of Injury | ||||
| Motor vehicle accident | 86 (28.0%) | 52 (31.7%) | 36 (24.6%) | 0.38 |
| Fall from standing | 67 (21.8%) | 31 (19.3%) | 36 (24.6%) | |
| Fall from elevated height | 36 (11.7%) | 19 (11.8%) | 17 (11.6%) | |
| Motorcycle | 27 (8.8%) | 15 (9.3%) | 12 (8.2%) | |
| Violence | 25 (8.1%) | 14 (8.7%) | 11 (7.5%) | |
| Bicycle | 16 (5.2%) | 7 (4.3%) | 9 (6.2%) | |
| Pedestrian struck | 45 (14.7%) | 21 (13.0%) | 24 16.4%) | |
| Gunshot | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.7%) | |
| Unwitnessed | 3 (1.0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | |
| Pupil Reactivity | ||||
| Bilateral reactive | 237 (76.9%) | 127 (78.4%) | 110 (75.3%) | 0.44 |
| Bilateral non-reactive and constricted | 30 (9.7%) | 15 (9.3%) | 15 (10.3%) | |
| Bilateral non-reactive and dilated | 13 (4.2%) | 8 (4.9%) | 5 (3.4%) | |
| Single fixed and dilated or constricted | 28 (9.1%) | 12 (7.4%) | 16 (11.0%) | |
| Mean LOS (days) | 34.4 (SD 36.3) | 34.1 (SD 32.1) | 34.8 (SD 40.7) | 0.86 |
| 95% confidence interval for mean | 29.1–39.1 | 28.1–41.6 | ||
| Median | 25.0 | 23.0 | ||
| Patients with command-following (n = 273) | n = 159 | n = 114 | ||
| Mean TFC (days) | 10.1 (SD 12.3) | 10.6 (SD 11.8) | 9.3 (SD 12.8) | 0.41 |
| 95% confidence interval for mean | 8.7–12.5 | 7.0–11.7 | ||
| Median | 7.0 | 5.0 | ||
| Discharge GCS | ||||
| 13–15 | 249 (80.8%) | 147 (90.7%) | 102 (70.0%) | <0.001 |
| 9–12 | 33 (10.7%) | 9 (5.6%) | 24 (16.4%) | |
| 3–8 | 26 (8.5%) | 6 (3.7%) | 20 (13.7%) | |
| Discharge location | ||||
| Home | 82 (26.6%) | 49 (30.2%) | 33 (22.6%) | 0.010 |
| Rehabilitation | 194 (63.0%) | 103 (63.6%) | 91 (62.3%) | |
| Nursing home or hospice | 25 (8.1%) | 6 (3.7%) | 19 (13.0%) | |
| Other hospital | 7 (2.3%) | 4 (2.5%) | 3 (2.1%) | |
GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury severity score; LOS, Length of hospital stay; TFC, Time to follow commands.
Bold texts highlight the statistical significance.