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. 2021 May 4;12:2519. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22743-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Examples of acquired multi-unit activity (MUA) from the S1 using tFUS with PRF = 1500 Hz (left) and PRF = 3000 Hz (right) show time-locked activity during tFUS stimulation. The timing of the ultrasound-induced action potentials with respects to administered stimulations (the timing of ultrasound stimulation is added with 10% jittering presented below each MUA trace) are exemplified with three trials. The sham conditions, i.e., SFLP, SSKF, SSHK 100% and SSHK 43% (see Methods for descriptions of SSHK levels) show disappearance of time-locked MUAs. These MUAs are obtained from the in vivo rats anesthetized with isoflurane. b A typical example of a regular-spiking unit (RSU) separated from the recorded MUAs. The waveform features, i.e., time durations of initial phase (IP) and afterhyperpolarization (AHP) were extracted to conduct the units’ separation. c, d Representative peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs, bin size: 50 ms, n = 478 trials for each time bin) and raster plots of one RSU (IP duration mean: 850 μs; AHP duration mean: 1850 μs) responding to the PRF of 300 Hz (c) and 3000 Hz (d). e An example of a fast-spiking unit (FSU) identified with short IP and AHP durations. f, g Representative PSTHs (bin size: 50 ms, n = 478 trials for each time bin) and spiking raster plots of one FSU (IP duration mean: 700 μs; AHP duration mean: 600 μs) in response to the two tFUS conditions with PRF of 300 Hz (f) and 3000 Hz (g), respectively. The time histograms and return plots of the inter-spike interval (ISpI) are depicted in Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5. All of the temporal dynamics were computed across 478 trials. The applied ultrasound conditions are described in Table 1 (see Methods). Data are shown as the mean ± 95% confidence interval in the PSTHs. c, d, f, g are example PSTHs from the same subject, same unit under tFUS stimulation at 300 Hz and 3000 Hz PRF. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.