Simulations of associative properties acquired by X according to Wagner’s Sometimes Opponent Processes (SOP) model, performed using the SOP model simulator (Byers et al., 2017), for the 20 sessions of the experimental designs reported. The left panel displays the simulation for Experiment 1, in which the experimental group (black line) was trained with 14 A+, two AX−, 12 F−, and two X− trials per session, and the control group (gray line) was trained with 14 A+, two BX−, 12 F−, and two X− trials per session. The central panel displays the simulations for Experiment 2, in which the experimental group (black line) was trained with eight A+, eight AX−, six F−, six F+, and two X− trials per session, and the control group (gray line) was trained with eight A+, eight BX−, six F−, six F+, and two X− trials per session. The right panel displays the simulations for Experiment 3, in which the experimental group (black line) was trained with five A+, 11 AX−, three F−, nine F+, and two X− trials per session, and the control group (gray line) was trained with five A+, 11 BX−, three F−, nine F+, and two X− trials per session.