Table 2.

Incremental economic burden of adults with MDD in 2010 and 2018 (all costs and costs of MDD alone, $US, year 2020 values)

Type of cost	2010		2018		2010–2018 Change in dollars (%)
	Dollars (millions)	Percent of total	Dollars (millions)	Percent of total
A. Incremental economic burden of adults with MDDa
Direct costs	111,104	47	114,262	35	2.8
Medical services	79,502	34	93,888	29	18.1
Outpatient	42,940	18	49,428	15	15.1
Inpatient	23,150	10	27,605	8	19.2
ER	5545	2	11,349	3	104.7
Other medical services	7867	3	5506	2	− 30.0
Pharmaceutical services	31,602	13	20,374	6	− 35.5
Suicide-related costs	10,892	5	13,373	4	22.8
Workplace costs	114,643	48	198,596	61	73.2
Absenteeism	26,222	11	60,035	18	129.0
Presenteeism	88,421	37	138,561	42	56.7
Total	236,638	100	326,231	100	37.9
B. Incremental economic burden attributable to MDD
Direct costs	31,119	34	36,628	30	17.7
Medical services	18,710	21	28,943	24	54.7
Outpatient	11,348	13	15,862	13	39.8
Inpatient	5482	6	10,809	9	97.2
ER	180	0	1293	1	616.8
Other medical services	1699	2	979	1	− 42.4
Pharmaceutical services	12,409	14	7686	6	− 38.1
Suicide-related costs	10,892	12	13,373	11	22.8
Workplace costs	48,325	53	70,783	59	46.5
Absenteeism	10,411	12	20,085	17	92.9
Presenteeism	37,915	42	50,697	42	33.7
Total	90,337	100	120,784	100	33.7
C. Incremental economic burden attributable to comorbid conditions
Direct costs	79,984	55	77,634	38	− 2.9
Medical services	60,792	42	64,946	32	6.8
Outpatient	31,591	22	33,567	16	6.3
Inpatient	17,668	12	16,796	8	− 4.9
ER	5365	4	10,056	5	87.4
Other medical services	6168	4	4527	2	− 26.6
Pharmaceutical services	19,192	13	12,688	6	− 33.9
Workplace costs	66,317	45	127,813	62	92.7
Absenteeism	15,811	11	39,949	19	152.7
Presenteeism	50,506	35	87,863	43	74.0
Total	146,302	100	205,447	100	40.4

ER emergency room, MDD major depressive disorder

^aPanel A represents the sum of panels B and C