Table 4.
Risk factors described in observational studies (n = 27).
Risk factorsa (n = 84) | Risk factor details |
---|---|
Biosecurity (n = 19) | All-in-all-out vs. continuous flow (n = 7), mixing/cross fostering (n = 5), internal and external biosecurity (n = 5), air space separation (n = 2), piglet movement between stages (n = 3), infection control (n = 4), dead pig removal (n = 1) |
Vaccination of dams (n = 14) |
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 4), Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 3), Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (n = 3), rotavirus (n = 1), not clear or unspecified (n = 3) |
Housing (n = 13) | Pen floor type (n = 4), space allowance/pig density (n = 4), use of bedding (n = 2), drinker type (n = 2), climatic and temperature conditions (n = 3), age of buildings (n = 1), indoors vs. outdoors (n = 1) |
Vaccination of pigletsb (n = 11) | PRRSV (n = 4), PCV2 (n = 4), not clear, or unspecified (n = 5) |
Weaning (n = 9) | Weaning age (n = 8), mixing at weaning or weaning management (n = 3) |
Feed regime (n = 5) | Restricted feeding (n = 4), creep feeding (n = 3), starter diet protein content restriction (n = 1) |
Producer education (n =4) |
Experience level of manager/producer/worker (n = 3), Education level of manager/producer/worker (n = 2) |
Feed type (n = 3) | Pelleted nursery feed (n = 1), feed composition quality (n = 1), level of soybean and canola (n = 1) |
Feed additive (n = 3) | Zinc product (e.g., ZnO) (n = 3) |
Air quality (n = 3) | Ventilation (n = 3) |
Categories of risk factors presented in order of decreasing frequency.
Risk factors included modifiable exposures regardless of the positive or negative impact of the exposure on an outcome.
Piglet vaccination includes suckling piglet or nursery pig vaccination.