TABLE 5.

Nanoformulation-based natural products for the treatment of psoriasis.

Nanoformulation	Category	Drug	Drug limitations	Preparation method	Therapy	Remark	References
Liposomes	Alkaloids	Capsaicin	Irritating, burning effects on the skin	The thin-film hydration method	Topical application	Reduced the side effects of the drug and increased the therapeutic efficacy	Gupta et al. (2016)
Ethosomes	Phenylpropanoids	Psoralen	Poor permeability	The injection ultrasonic combination method	Topical application	Enhanced cutaneous absorption of drugs and permeability	Zhang et al. (2014b)
Niosomes	Phenylpropanoids	8-Methoxypsoralen	Gastrointestinal adverse effects and a higher risk of severe complications	The thin film hydration method	Psoralen ultraviolet a (PUVA) therapy	Promoted penetration and accumulation of 8-Methoxypsoralen	Kassem et al. (2017)
NLCs	Alkaloids	Pentoxifylline	Poor permeability	The thin lipid film-based microwave-assisted rapid technique	Topical application	Enhanced anti-inflammatory potential	Ghate et al. (2019)
	Phenylpropanoids	Curcumin	Highly hydrophobic molecule with low water solubility	The hot emulsification method	Topical application	Improved permeation and skin retention, showed no toxicity toward keratinocyte cells	Rapalli et al. (2020)
	Terpenoids	Thymol	High volatility and can also decompose due to heat, humidity, oxygen, or light	The sonication method	Topical application	Enhanced anti-inflammatory potential	Pivetta et al. (2018)
	Terpenoids	Tripterine	Long-term oral administration of TRI can lead to toxicity on renal and reproductive systems	The emulsification evaporation method	Topical application	Revealed the sustained release characteristics, showed great stability and biocompatibility	Kang et al. (2019)
Nanoemulsions	Terpenoids	Paclitaxel	Poor solubility and permeability	Low energy emulsification methods	Dermal/Oral delivery	Enhanced absolute and per oral bioavailability	—
	Phenylpropanoids	8-Methoxypsoralen	Poor permeability	High-energy method	Topical application	Enhanced retention in viable skin	Oliveira et al. (2018)
	Organic acids	Salicylic acid	Poor aqueous solubility and instability	Low-energy, spontaneous emulsification method	Topical application	Improved anti-inflammatory action	Khandavilli and Panchagnula. (2007)
Dendrimers	Phenylpropanoids	8-Methoxypsoralene	Gastrointestinal side effects and complications	The divergent method	Topical application	Enhanced skin permeation and concentration of 8-Methoxypsoralen in epidermis and dermis	Borowska et al. (2012)