FIGURE 3.
Viral-bacterial co-infection induces aberrant expression of chemokines. Four groups of BALB/c mice were mock infected, or intranasally infected with single H9N2 AIV (1 × 104 PFU) and E. coli (1.5 × 107 CFU), or co-infected with H9N2 and E. coli for 48 h. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of CCL4 (A), CXCL1 (B), CXCL2 (C), XCL1 (D), and CX3CL1 (E) in mouse lungs. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.