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Viral-bacterial co-infection induces aberrant expression of interferons. Four groups of BALB/c mice were mock infected, or intranasally infected with single H9N2 AIV (1 × 104 PFU) and E. coli (1.5 × 107 CFU), or co-infected with H9N2 and E. coli for 48 h. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of IFNα (A), IFNβ (B), IFNγ (C), and IL-28 (D) in mouse lungs. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ****P < 0.0001.
