Figure 4.

Metformin inhibits mTOR activity in T cells by a TSC1-dependent manner. TSC1^flox and control mice were injected i.v. with 1.8 × 10⁹ pfu of AdCre. Intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHL) were isolated at 7 dpi and cultured with the indicated concentrations of metformin (0, 5 and 10 mM) for 6 h. Cells were stimulated with PMA for 30 min, then fixed immediately and analyzed for p-S6 by flow cytometry. Unstimulated cells (0 min) were used as controls. (A) Representative images of p-S6⁺ T cells. (B) MFI of p-S6. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments. Values are shown as mean ± SEM of n = 3-4 samples/group from single experiments representative of at least three experiments performed. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used. Metformin treatment groups (5 and 10 mM) were compared to the control group (0 mM). **p < 0.01. ns, no significant difference.