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HPDLC-HUASMC co-culture system was established with Transwell inserts. (A) HPDLCs, with micropores in the porous membrane visible. (B) HUASMCs, exhibiting a radial spindle-shaped arrangement when attached to the plate (scale bars, 20 µm). HUASMCs, human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells; HPDLCs, human periodontal ligament cells.
