Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted analyses between violent crimes exposure during pregnancy by quintiles, and birth outcomes.

	Unadjusted			Adjusted*
	OR	95%IC	p	OR	95%IC	p
Small-for-gestational-age
Violent crimes
1st quintile	Ref.
2nd quintile	1.36	1.02–1.83	0.039	1.34	1.00–1.80	0.054
3rd quintile	1.20	0.82–1.75	0.349	1.19	0.81–1.75	0.373
4th quintile	1.12	0.84–1.50	0.418	1.11	0.84–1.50	0.449
5th quintile	1.46	1.10–1.93	0.009	1.41	1.06–1.89	0.019
Physical violence				1.07	0.43–2.65	0.896
Depression				0.42	0.13–1.36	0.147
Diabetes				0.70	0.27–1.82	0.468
Hypertension				1.27	0.82–1.95	0.286
Smoke				1.83	1.32–2.55	< 0.001
Drink				1.43	0.99–2.05	0.055
Preterm birth
Violent crimes
1st quintile	Ref.
2nd quintile	1.17	0.86–1.59	0.327	1.16	0.84–1.59	0.367
3rd quintile	0.98	0.65–1.48	0.918	1.01	0.66–1.54	0.958
4th quintile	1.29	0.98–1.72	0.070	1.35	1.01–1.80	0.040
5th quintile	0.97	0.71–1.34	0.870	1.01	0.72–1.40	0.969
Physical violence				1.62	0.77–3.44	0.206
Depression				0.81	0.32–2.08	0.662
Diabetes				0.94	0.39–2.23	0.884
Hypertension				1.21	0.76–1.91	0.425
Smoke				2.04	1.47–2.82	<  0.001
Drink				1.18	0.79–1.76	0.420
Low birth weight
Violent crimes
1st quintile	Ref.
2nd quintile	1.38	1.00–1.91	0.050	1.37	0.98–1.91	0.063
3rd quintile	1.32	0.88–1.99	0.178	1.36	0.89–2.07	0.153
4th quintile	1.48	1.10–1.99	0.010	1.50	1.11–2.05	0.009
5th quintile	1.42	1.04–1.95	0.029	1.42	1.03–1.98	0.034
Physical violence				2.12	1.03–4.36	0.042
Depression				0.71	0.22–2.25	0.557
Diabetes				0.30	0.07–1.30	0.107
Hypertension				1.73	1.10–2.71	0.017
Smoke				2.89	2.07–4.03	<  0.001
Drink				1.14	0.77–1.69	0.522

OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; All analyses used multiple imputations. Imputed data were averaged across the 50 imputed data sets using Rubin’s rule [41]. *Adjusted for maternal age, child sex (female), education, and socioeconomic status