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. 2020 Nov 23;38(5):1744–1760. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa304

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Fig. 2. — Anthozoa have a more diverse opsin repertoire than Medusozoa. (A) A majority-rule extended consensus tree topology generated with IQTree constructed from the combined bootstrap trees showing that cnidarians have at least three opsin paralogs. Anthozoans possess ASO-Is and ASO-IIs, which are monophyletic. ASO-I appears basal to all other animal opsins. All cnidarians (Anthozoa and Medusozoa) possess Cnidopsins. Cnidopsins are also monophyletic and sister to the animal xenopsins. ASO-IIs resolve as an opsin class that is distinct from ctenopsin and c-opsin despite their common ancestry lacking any conserved homologous intron positions (supplementary fig. 2, Supplementary Material online). Note: Clytia hemisphaerica opsin 9 and opsin 10 resolve at the base of the ASO-IIs, however elsewhere they are included within the Cnidopsins albeit with long branches (Artigas et al. 2018). Support values are SH-aLRT bootstrap percentages/UFBoots bootstrap percentages/MrBayes Bayesian posterior probabilities. Branch lengths are proportional to the mean number of expected substitutions per site. (B) Annotated phylogenetic tree (derived from Kayal et al. [2018]) including 36 cnidarian species. For each individual species, relevant characteristics including ecological distribution (freshwater [blue shading], deep sea [black shading]), symbiotic lifestyle (pink shading), and parasitism (black circle) are indicated. Cnidarian species with eyes are indicated by asterisks (*). Note that eyes are generally absent in Anthozoa, but the medusozoan classes Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Hydrozoa separately evolved eyes in certain taxa (Picciani et al. 2018). The exclusively parasitic Endocnidozoa (Endo.) are placed as sister to the Medusozoa. The total opsin gene copy numbers per species is indicated. The respective opsin copy numbers per opsin class/subtype are displayed in a heatmap with colors ranging from white to blue to red to black as shown in the key. The number of opsin classes and subtypes is generally higher in Anthozoa when compared with Medusozoa suggesting greater opsin diversity in this subphylum.