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Signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in body size and growth. IIS: PDX1, INS, LEP, IGFII, INSR, LEPR, PI3K, PRKCI, and PLAGL2; TGFβS: BMPs, ACVR1B, BMPR1A, SMAD6, and R-Smads. TAPT1, MEOX2, and DEAF1 function during axial skeletal patterning. Solid arrows indicate known and/or direct interactions; dashed arrows indicate unknown direct/indirect interaction. Figure is designed in BioRender.
