TABLE 1.

The alterations in CYPs and UGTs under diseases.

Metabolic enzymes	Diseases	Alteration	Brain regions	References
CYP2D	Status epilepticus	mRNA and activity ↓	Cortex, hippocampus	Asai et al. (2018b)
	PD	mRNA and activity ↓	Nigrostriatal tissues	Singh et al. (2009), Srivastava et al. (2012)
	Smoking	Protein and activity ↑	Especially basal ganglia	Mann et al. (2008), McMillan and Tyndale (2015)
	Alcoholism	Protein ↑	Most brain regions	Miller et al. (2014)
	Depressive disorder	Activity ↑	Hippocampus	Haduch et al. (2018)
CYP3A4	Epilepsy	Protein and activity ↑	Epilepsy lesions, BBB	Ghosh et al. (2010), Williams et al. (2019)
CYP2E1	Status epilepticus	Protein ↑	Hippocampus	Boussadia et al. (2014)
	PD	mRNA ↑	Cortex	Kaut et al. (2012)
	Smoking	Protein ↑	Frontal cortex, putamen	Ferguson et al. (2013)
	Alcoholism	Protein and activity ↑	Hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem	Zhong et al. (2012)
CYP2B	Smoking	mRNA, protein and activity ↑	Brain stem, frontal cortex, striatum, olfactory tubercle	Miksys et al. (2000), Garcia et al. (2017)
	Alcoholism	Protein ↑	Caudate, putamen, cerebellum	Ferguson et al. (2013)
CYP2C, CYP2J	Inflammation	mRNA, protein and activity ↓	—	Navarro-Mabarak et al. (2019)
CYP46A1	AD	Protein and activity ↓	Hippocampus	Burlot et al. (2015)
UGT1A4	Epilepsy	Protein and activity ↑	BBB	Ghosh et al. (2013)
UGT1A1, UGT1A7	Status epilepticus	mRNA ↑	Cortex, hippocampus	Asai et al. (2018a)
UGT1A3	Smoking	mRNA ↑	—	Sakamoto et al. (2015)

AD, alzheimer’s disease; BBB, blood-brain-barrier; CYPs, Cytochrome P450s; PD, Parkinson’s disease; UGTs, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.