Table 2.
Comparisons of clinical parameters between participants with and without intima-media thickness-thickening
| without IMT-thickening (n = 572) | with IMT-thickening (n = 28) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: male | 359 (62.8) | 20 (71.4) | 0.353 |
| Age (years) | 64.8 ± 9.2 | 67.5 ± 7.9 | 0.123 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.3 ± 8.3 | 14.2 ± 8.6 | 0.561 |
| Ever smoker | 309 (54.0) | 18 (64.3) | 0.287 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 24.4 ± 3.1 | 0.800 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.6 ± 14.6 | 139.9 ± 16.6 | 0.004 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 6.8 ± 0.7 | 0.108 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 53.6 ± 9.0 | 50.8 ± 7.4 | 0.108 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.64 ± 1.81 | 7.47 ± 1.72 | 0.618 |
| AST (U/L) | 23.0 ± 8.8 | 22.3 ± 7.0 | 0.690 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.1 ± 13.4 | 18.6 ± 8.8 | 0.077 |
| γ-GTP (U/L) | 31.3 ± 34.2 | 25.4 ± 17.2 | 0.373 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 307 ± 73 | 328 ± 78 | 0.153 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.77 ± 0.81 | 4.67 ± 0.70 | 0.540 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.55 ± 0.41 | 1.59 ± 0.40 | 0.602 |
| log triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.149 ± 0.507 | 0.082 ± 0.507 | 0.494 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.65 ± 0.68 | 2.64 ± 0.45 | 0.929 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.3 ± 18.3 | 64.5 ± 15.2 | 0.099 |
| log u-Alb/Cr (mg/g) | 2.84 ± 1.48 | 3.47 ± 1.70 | 0.033 |
| Mean glucose (mmol/L) | 7.64 ± 1.70 | 7.35 ± 1.13 | 0.383 |
| Median glucose (mmol/L) | 7.27 ± 1.74 | 6.93 ± 1.24 | 0.303 |
| SD (mmol/L) | 1.96 ± 0.60 | 1.92 ± 0.46 | 0.710 |
| CV (%) | 25.7 ± 5.9 | 26.4 ± 6.1 | 0.562 |
| MAGE (mmol/L) | 5.29 ± 1.98 | 5.08 ± 1.52 | 0.587 |
| TIR (%): 3.9–10.0 mmol/L | 80.7 ± 18.0 | 84.1 ± 11.6 | 0.316 |
| TAR (%): > 10.0 mmol/L | 17.2 ± 18.4 | 13.4 ± 11.6 | 0.286 |
| TAR (%): > 13.9 mmol/L | 3.2 ± 8.2 | 1.3 ± 2.2 | 0.219 |
| TBR (%): < 3.9 mmol/L | 2.2 ± 4.7 | 2.5 ± 5.8 | 0.740 |
| TBR (%): < 3.0 mmol/L | 0.3 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 1.8 | 0.583 |
| HBGI | 5.15 ± 4.33 | 4.50 ± 2.24 | 0.427 |
| LBGI | 1.58 ± 1.65 | 1.67 ± 1.68 | 0.787 |
| MODD (mmol/L) | 1.69 ± 0.62 | 1.61 ± 0.46 | 0.477 |
| IQR (mmol/L) | 2.08 ± 0.76 | 1.90 ± 0.50 | 0.205 |
Continuous data are presented as means ± standard deviations. Categorical data are presented as counts (percentages). Unpaired t-tests were used to evaluate the differences between the groups with and without intima-media thickness (IMT)-thickening for continuous variables. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables. Mean-IMT ≥ 1.0 mm was defined as IMT-thickening
BP blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, u-Alb/Cr urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, SD standard deviation, CV coefficient of variation, MAGE mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, TIR time in range, TAR time above range, TBR time below range, HBGI high blood glucose index, LBGI low blood glucose index, MODD mean of daily differences, IQR interquartile range