. 2021 May 5;21:229. doi: 10.1186/s12872-021-02026-1

Table 3.

EQ-5D-5L by subgroups in adults with congenital heart disease

Groups	Total				Men				Women				p value*	Cohen’s d*
Groups	Mean (SD)	95%CI	p value	Cohen’s d	Mean (SD)	95%CI	p value	Cohen’s d	Mean (SD)	95%CI	p value	Cohen’s d	p value*	Cohen’s d*
EuroQOL-Descriptive System (EQ-DS)
Total	0.792 (0.121)	0.769–0.815	–	–	0.814 (0.106)	0.776–0.851	–	–	0.782 (0.127)	0.753–0.811	–	–	0.22	0.274
Total	(n = 109)	0.769–0.815	–	–	(n = 33)		–	–	(n = 76)		–	–	0.22	0.274
Age groups
16–30	0.841 (0.097)	0.81–0.873	0.001	0.688	0.853 (0.086)	0.81–0.896	0.016	0.901	0.831 (0.106)	0.782–0.879	0.039	0.565	0.472	0.228
16–30	(n = 39)				(n = 18)				(n = 21)				0.472	0.228
31+	0.764 (0.125)	0.734–0.794			0.766 (0.111)	0.704–0.827			0.764 (0.13)	0.729–0.799			0.964	0.017
31+	(n = 70)				(n = 15)				(n = 55)				0.964	0.017
Marital status
Married	0.795 (0.108)	0.771–0.819	0.659	0.091	0.795 (0.106)	0.739–0.851	0.339	0.338	0.795 (0.11)	0.767–0.823	0.056	0.49	0.999	0
Married	(n = 79)				(n = 16)				(n = 63)				0.999	0
Unmarried	0.783 (0.152)	0.727–0.84			0.831 (0.107)	0.776–0.886			0.721 (0.183)	0.611–0.832			0.049	0.734
Unmarried	(n = 30)				(n = 17)				(n = 13)				0.049	0.734
Educational level
High school+	0.827 (0.104)	0.8–0.855	0.002	0.535	0.863 (0.061)	0.835–0.891	0.002	1.138	0.808 (0.118)	0.768–0.848	0.074	0.417	0.057	0.586
High school+	(n = 56)				(n = 20)				(n = 36)				0.057	0.586
High school−	0.754 (0.13)	0.716–0.791			0.746 (0.132)	0.652–0.841			0.756 (0.131)	0.713–0.798			0.842	0.076
High school−	(n = 49)				(n = 10)				(n = 39)				0.842	0.076
Employment status
Employed	0.807 (0.114)	0.782–0.833	0.049	0.422	0.848 (0.071)	0.817–0.878	0.01	0.941	0.79 (0.125)	0.756–0.823	0.372	0.232	0.037	0.571
Employed	(n = 79)				(n = 24)				(n = 55)				0.037	0.571
Unemployed/had unstable employment	0.754 (0.136)	0.7–0.808			0.737 (0.151)	0.598–0.877			0.76 (0.134)	0.697–0.823			0.718	0.161
Unemployed/had unstable employment	(n = 27)				(n = 7)				(n = 20)				0.718	0.161
CHD type
Simple	0.8 (0.119)	0.776–0.825	0.08	0.459	0.829 (0.097)	0.791–0.866	0.053	0.872	0.788 (0.126)	0.757–0.819	0.349	0.299	0.131	0.365
Simple	(n = 93)				(n = 28)				(n = 65)				0.131	0.365
Complex PAH	0.743 (0.129)	0.674–0.812			0.729 (0.13)	0.568–0.89			0.749 (0.135)	0.659–0.84			0.786	0.151
Complex PAH	(n = 16)				(n = 5)				(n = 11)				0.786	0.151
CHD treatment
Repaired	0.796 (0.117)	0.771–0.821	0.501	0.149	0.819 (0.093)	0.783–0.855	0.5	0.257	0.785 (0.126)	0.752–0.818	0.772	0.077	0.206	0.307
Repaired	(n = 86)				(n = 28)				(n = 58)				0.206	0.307
Unrepaired/palliative	0.777 (0.138)	0.717–0.836			0.783 (0.175)	0.567–1.0			0.775 (0.133)	0.709–0.841			0.905	0.051
Unrepaired/palliative	(n = 23)				(n = 5)				(n = 18)				0.905	0.051
EuroQOL Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS)
Total	66.3 (12.5)	63.9–68.7	-	-	66.9 (12.6)	62.4–71.4	-	-	66.1 (12.6)	63.2–68.9	-	-	0.754	0.016
Total	(n = 109)		-	-	(n = 33)		-	-	(n = 76)		-	-	0.754	0.016
Age groups
16–30	69.9 (10.8)	66.4–73.4	0.024	0.466	72.1 (10.2)	67.0–77.1	0.008	0.985	68.1 (11.2)	63.0–73.2	0.385	0.23	0.228	0.373
16–30	(n = 39)				(n = 18)				(n = 21)				0.228	0.373
31+	64.3 (13.1)	61.2–67.4			60.7 (12.8)	53.6–67.8			65.3 (13.1)	61.7–68.8			0.259	0.355
31+	(n = 70)				(n = 15)				(n = 55)				0.259	0.355
Marital status
Married	67.0 (11.2)	64.4–69.5	0.376	0.177	64.4 (12.1)	57.9–70.8	0.276	0.382	67.6 (11.0)	64.8–70.4	0.016	0.638	0.306	0.277
Married	(n = 79)				(n = 16)				(n = 63)				0.306	0.277
Unmarried	64.6 (15.5)	58.8–70.4			69.2 (13.0)	62.5–75.9			58.5 (16.9)	48.3–68.7			0.058	0.71
Unmarried	(n = 30)				(n = 17)				(n = 13)				0.058	0.71
Educational level
High school+	69.5 (12.0)	66.3–72.7	0.008	0.527	71.9 (9.1)	67.6–76.1	0.015	0.937	68.2 (13.3)	63.7–72.7	0.124	0.361	0.279	0.325
High school+	(n = 56)				(n = 20)				(n = 36)				0.279	0.325
High school−	63.2 (11.9)	59.7–66.6			61.0 (13.7)	51.2–70.8			63.7 (11.6)	60.0–67.5			0.526	0.213
High school−	(n = 49)				(n = 10)				(n = 39)				0.526	0.213
Employment status
Employed	68.4 (12.5)	65.6–71.2	0.009	0.627	71.1 (9.6)	67.1–75.2	0.009	1.067	67.2 (13.5)	63.5–70.8	0.134	0.431	0.2	0.333
Employed	(n = 79)				(n = 24)				(n = 55)				0.2	0.333
Unemployed/had unstable employment	61.3 (10.0)	57.4–65.2			58.6 (13.5)	46.1–71.0			62.3 (8.7)	58.2–66.3			0.411	0.326
Unemployed/had unstable employment	(n = 27)				(n = 7)				(n = 20)				0.411	0.326
CHD type
Simple	67.4 (12.0)	64.9–69.9	0.029	0.565	68.8 (12.0)	64.2–73.5	0.034	1.094	66.8 (12.0)	63.8–69.8	0.23	0.362	0.452	0.167
Simple	(n = 93)				(n = 28)				(n = 65)				0.452	0.167
Complex/PAH	60.0 (14.1)	52.5–67.5			56.0 (11.4)	41.8–70.2			61.8 (15.4)	51.5–72.2			0.465	0.428
Complex/PAH	(n = 16)				(n = 5)				(n = 11)				0.465	0.428
CHD treatment
Repaired	66.9 (12.6)	64.2–69.6	0.352	0.225	67.4 (11.8)	62.8–72.0	0.588	0.222	66.6 (13.1)	63.2–70.1	0.47	0.199	0.797	0.064
Repaired	(n = 86)				(n = 28)				(n = 58)				0.797	0.064
Unrepaired/palliative	64.1 (12.3)	58.8–69.5			64.0 (18.2)	41.4–86.6			64.2 (10.9)	58.8–69.6			0.979	0.013
Unrepaired/palliative	(n = 23)				(n = 5)				(n = 18)				0.979	0.013

CHD, Congenital heart disease; PAH, Pulmonary artery hypertension; SD, Standard Deviation; CI, Confidence Interval; Employed status included stable employment, homemaker, retired, student or other works; * Compared between men and women; Cohen's d is the appropriate effect size measure; Using independent samples t-test