Table 1.
Main characteristics of the included studies.
| Authors (year) [ref.] | Design (country) | Setting | Populationa | Presenting rhythm | Outcomes | Qualitative assessmentb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhatla et al. (2020)18 | Single centre retrospective study (US) | Both ICU and non-ICU | 9 ICU patients with COVID-19 (PCR testing) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 100% (9/9) |
Non-shockable: 89% (8/9) Shockable: 11% (1/9) |
In-hospital mortality: 44% (4/9) ROSC: 66% (6/9) Discharged alive: 22% (2/9) Still hospitalized: 33% (3/9) |
12/16 |
| Hayek et al. (2020)13 | Multicentre retrospective study (US) | 68 ICUs | 400 ICU patients with COVID-19 (laboratory confirmed) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 100% (400/400) Age: 61 ± 14 y.o. Male: 66.5% (266/400) SOFA: 5.9 ± 3.3 On vasopressors: 56.5% (226/400) On IMV: 64% (257/400) |
Non-shockable: 73% (294/400) Shockable: 12% (48/400) |
In-hospital mortality: 88% (352/400) ROSC: 34% (135/400) Favorablecneurological status: 7% (28/400) |
14/16 |
| Miles et al. (2020)21d | Single centre retrospective study (US) | Both ICU and non-ICU | 125 patients who developed IHCA and received CPR during pandemic (99 COVID-19 positive at PCR testing, 12 negative, 14 indeterminate) ICU: 33% (41/125) Age: 67 (IQR 57–76) Male: 66% (82/125) |
Non-shockable: 90% (113/125) Shockable: 3% (4/125) Unknown: 6% (8/125) |
In-hospital mortality: 98% (97/99) ROSC: 3.6% (45/125) |
13/16 |
| Mitchell et al. (2020)16 | Multicentre retrospective study (US) | Both ICU and non-ICU (11 hospitals) | 260 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (at PCR testing) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 64% (166/260) Age: 69 y.o. (IQR 60−77) Male: 71.5% (186/260) |
Non-shockable: 90% (233/260) Shockable: 8% (22/260) Unknown: 2% (5/260) |
In-hospital mortality: 88% (229/260) 30-day mortality: 88% (228/260) ROSC: 22% (58/260) Favorablecneurological status at 30 day: 6% (16/260) |
13/16 |
| Shah et al. (2021)5 | Single centre retrospective study (US) | Both ICU and non-ICU | 63 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (PCR testing) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 84% (53/63) Age: 66 y.o. (IQR 59–74) Male: 49.2% (31/63) CCI ≥ 5: 40% (29/63) On vasopressors: 60% (38/63) |
Non-shockable: 92% (58/63) Shockable: 8% (5/63) |
In-hospital mortality: 100% (63/63) ROSC: 29% (18/63) |
13/16 |
| Shao et al. (2020)14 | Single centre retrospective study (China) | Both ICU and non-ICU | 136 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 (WHO definitions) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 17% (23/136) Age 69 y.o. (IQR 61−77) Male: 66% (90/136) |
Non-shockable: 94% (128/136) Shockable: 6% (8/136) |
30-day mortality: 97% (132/136) ROSC: 13% (18/136) Favorablecneurological status at 30day: 0.7% (1/136) |
13/16 |
| Sheth et al. (2020)17 | Single centre retrospective case series (US) | Both ICU and non-ICU | 31 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (PCR testing) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 77% (24/31) Age: 69 y.o. (IQR 57−76) Male: 71% (22/31) SOFA: 9 (IQR 4−13) On IMV: 58% (18/31) |
Non-shockable: 87% (27/31) Shockable: 13% (4/31) |
In-hospital mortality: 100% (31/31) ROSC: 42% (13/31) |
12/16 |
| Sultanian et al. (2021)19 | Multicentre retrospective registry-based study (Sweden) | 72 emergency wards connected to the Swedish National registry | 72 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (confirmed, suspected or recent) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 14% (10/72) Age: 67.8 ± 13.0 y.o. Male: 68% (49/72) |
Non-shockable: 83% (60/72) Shockable: 18% (12/72) |
30-day mortality: 75% (54/72) ROSC: 31% (22/72) |
13/16 |
| Thapa et al. (2021)20 | Single centre retrospective study (US) | Both ICU and non-ICU | 54 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 18.5% (10/54) Age: 61 y.o. (IQR 50−68) Male: 61% (33/54) On vasopressors: 46% (25/54) On MV: 79% (43/54) |
Non-shockable: 96% (52/54) Shockable: 4% (2/54) |
In-hospital mortality: 100% (54/54) ROSC: 54% (29/54) |
12/16 |
| Yuriditsky et al. (2020)15 | Single centre retrospective observational study (US) | Both ICU and non-ICU | 55 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (PCR testing) who developed IHCA and received CPR ICU: 83.6% (46/55) Age: 69 y.o. (IQR 64−77) Male: 87% (48/55) On vasopressors/inotropes: 67% (37/55) On IMV: 76% (42/55) |
Non-shockable: 89% (49/55) Shockable: 11% (6/55) |
30-day mortality: 80% (44/55) ROSC: 38% (21/55) Favorablecneurological status at 30 day: 9% (5/55) |
13/16 |
The table shows the main characteristics of the included studies, as reported by the authors, and the qualitative assessment performed using the MINORS tool.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CPC, Cerebral Performance Category; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ICU, intensive care unit; IHCA, in-hospital cardiac arrest; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; IQR, interquartile range; MINORS, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized studies; MV, mechanical ventilation; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; US, United States.
The column shows the characteristics of the cohort of COVID-19 patients who developed IHCA and received attempts of CPR.
Qualitative assessment was performed using the MINORS score. The eight items are scored 0 (not reported), 1 (reported but inadequate) or 2 (reported and adequate). The global ideal score being 16 for non-comparative studies.
Defined according to the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scoring system, as a CPC score of 1 or 2.
For this study, when disaggregated data were not available to describe the cohort of COVID-19 patients developing IHCA and receiving CPR, data were reported from the cohort of hospitalized patients during the pandemic, including 99 patients tested positive for COVID-19, but also 14 patients undergone to IHCA before the arrival of test result for COVID-19 (indeterminate), and 12 patients tested negative for COVID-19.