Table 2.

Summary of potential neuro-hormonal responses to heat stress (with or without dehydration) and the primary physiological actions, anatomical locations, and physiological outcomes

Neuro-hormonal effector	Primary physiological actions	Primary anatomical locations	Primary physiological outcomes
Renal sympathetic nerve activation	Vasoconstriction (at higher levels of activation only) Na+ reabsorption Renin release	Afferent and efferent arterioles Proximal and distal tubules Afferent and efferent arterioles (juxtaglomerular cells)	Decreased renal blood flow Increased (or maintained) blood pressure Decreased GFR Water and electrolyte conservation Water and electrolyte conservation (via actions of angiotensin II & aldosterone)
Vasopressin	Translocation of Aquaporin-2 Na+ reabsorption Vasoconstriction	Collecting ducts Distal tubules (distal straight tubule) Efferent arterioles	Water conservation Water and electrolyte conservation Decreased renal blood flow Increased (or maintained) blood pressure
Aldosterone	Na+ reabsorption	Distal convoluted tubules, collecting ducts	Water and electrolyte conservation
Angiotensin II	Vasoconstriction Na+ reabsorption Aldosterone release	Afferent and efferent arterioles Proximal tubules Adrenal cortex	Decreased renal blood flow Increased (or maintained) blood pressure Decreased GFR (at higher concentrations only) Water and electrolyte conservation Water and electrolyte conservation (via actions of aldosterone)