Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted association between total magnesium intake and the Cook-Medley hostility scale over a 5-year follow-up*
| Quintiles of total magnesium intake (mg/1000 kcal/day) | Plinear-trend† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (highest) | ||
| No. of participants | 943 | 943 | 944 | 943 | 943 | -- |
| No. of observations | 1,724 | 1,723 | 1,723 | 1,724 | 1,724 | -- |
| Total magnesium intake (mg/1000 kcal/day) | ||||||
| Median | 93.4 | 114.0 | 133.2 | 156.5 | 199.4 | -- |
| Range | 41.8 105.0 | 105.0–123.0 | 123.1–144.2 | 144.2–173.2 | 173.2–887.7 | -- |
| Model 1‡ | 0(Ref.) | −1.33 (−1.98, −0.67) | −1.71 (−2.37, −1.05) | −1.80 (−2.49 −1.12) | −2.62 (−3.33, −1.90) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2§ | 0(Ref.) | −1.28 (−1.92, −0.65) | −1.45 (−2.09, −0.81) | −1.41 (−2.08, −0.75) | −2.16 (−2.85, −1.47) | <0.0001 |
| Model 3a|| | 0(Ref.) | −1.31 (−1.95, −0.68) | −1.48 (−2.12, −0.84) | −1.47 (−2.14, −0.80) | −2.21 (−2.91, −1.52) | <0.0001 |
| Model 3b** | 0(Ref.) | −1.01 (−1.65, −0.36) | −0.97 (−1.65, −0.30) | −0.82 (−1.54, −0.10) | −1.55 (−2.31, −0.78) | <0.001 |
| Model 3c†† | 0(Ref.) | −0.98 (−1.63, −0.33) | −0.98 (−1.6 7, −0.29) | −0.81 (−1.54, −0.08) | −1.45 (−2.23, −0.67) | <0.05 |
| Model 3d†† | 0(Ref.) | −1.01 (−1.64, −0.37) | −0.94 (−1.60, −0.27) | −0.75 (−1.46, −0.04) | −1.43 (−2.19, −0.67) | <0.05 |
| Model 4§§ | 0(Ref.) | −0.81 (−1.44, −0.18) | −0.70 (−1.37, −0.03) | −1.13 (−1.84, −0.42) | −1.02 (−1.78, −0.25) | <0.05 |
| Model 5|||| | 0(Ref.) | 0.11 (−0.52, 0.73) | −0.11 (−0.75, 0.54) | −0.63 (−1.27, 0.01) | −0.54 (−1.21, 0.12) | <0.01 |
| Model 6*** | 0(Ref.) | −0.30 (−0.80, 0.20) | 0.15 (−0.48, 0.78) | −0.09 (−0.75, 0.56) | 0.68 (−0.08, 1.45) | 0.41 |
Abbreviations: CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression; CI, confidence interval; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LCn3PUFA, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; No., number; Ref., reference; Q, quintile.
The study population included 4,716 individuals from the CARDIA study. The statistics for each model were reported using β coefficients and 95% confident intervals (CIs). All models were constructed using generalized estimating equations method.
P for linear trend was tested using the continuous values of exposure of interest with its extreme values >99th excluded.
Model 1 was adjusted for time (year 0 and 5), age (continuous), gender, race (white or black), and center.
Model 2 was additionally adjusted for education level (continuous), smoking status (never, ever, or current smokers), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–11.9, 12.0–23.9 or ≥ 24 g/day), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, or ≥30 kg/m2), physical activity (quintiles), and systolic blood pressure (quintiles).
Model 3a was additionally adjusted for LCn3PUFA intake (quintiles).
Model 3b replaced LCn3PUFA intake with a priori diet quality score (quintiles).
Model 3c was additionally adjusted for LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (quintile), cholesterol (quintile), and insulin (quintile).
Model 3d was additionally adjusted for depression (CES-D<16, or ≥16).
Model 4 replaced total magnesium with dietary magnesium intake (in nutrient density form) with additional adjustment for supplementation status (yes, or no).
Model 5 replaced total magnesium with whole grain intake (quintiles).
Model 6 replaced total magnesium with coffee consumption [0(ref.), 0.1–0.9, 1.0–1.9, 2.03.9, ≥4 servings/day)].