Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to their dementia status (n = 1,098)
| Incident Dementia | P-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 39) | No (n = 1,059) | ||
| Age (year), mean ± SD | 76.2 ± 4.0 | 73.7 ± 4.1 | ≤0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 8 (20.5) | 565 (53.4) | ≤0.001 |
| Medication taken daily, n (%) | |||
| Mean ± SD (n) | 4.7 ± 3.1 | 4.5 ± 3.1 | 0.634 |
| Polypharmacy†, n (%) | 19 (48.7) | 474 (44.8) | 0.625 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||
| Smoking|| | 21 (53.8) | 493 (46.6) | 0.370 |
| Overweight/Obesity¶ | 30 (76.9) | 756 (71.4) | 0.452 |
| Low level of physical activity§ | 16 (41.0) | 351 (33.1) | 0.306 |
| Hypertension# | 18 (46.2) | 487 (46.0) | 0.984 |
| Diabetes** | 5 (12.8) | 107 (10.1) | 0.582 |
| Cardiovascular diseases††, n (%) | |||
| Heart diseases | 10 (25.6) | 226 (21.3) | 0.521 |
| Limbs vascular diseases | 9 (23.1) | 226 (21.3) | 0.795 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 3 (7.7) | 30 (2.8) | 0.081 |
| Osteoarticular & muscular diseases††, n (%) | 20 (51.3) | 643 (60.7) | 0.237 |
| Other diseases††, n (%) | 28 (71.8) | 718 (67.8) | 0.479 |
| 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale | |||
| Mean scale ± SD | 6.0 ± 4.3 | 4.6 ± 4.0 | 0.037 |
| Score > 10, n (%) | 5 (12.8) | 88 (8.3) | 0.320 |
| 3MS score (/100), mean ± SD | 87.8 ± 4.2 | 94.6 ± 3.9 | ≤0.001 |
| Abnormal IADL score||||, n (%) | 30 (76.9) | 288 (27.2) | ≤0.001 |
| MCR criteria, n (%) | |||
| Slow walking speed¶¶ | 3 (7.7) | 115 (10.9) | 0.531 |
| Subjective cognitive complaint§§ | 17 (43.6) | 188 (17.8) | ≤0.001 |
| MCR, n (%) | 9 (23.1) | 37 (3.5) | ≤0.001 |
*Comparison based on unpaired t-test, Mann–Whitney or Chi-square test, as appropriate; †number of therapeutic drugs taken daily ≥5; ||currently smoking, coded as binary answer (yes versus no); ¶considered if BMI was ≥25 kg/m2; §score below the lowest tertile (i.e. <69.1 for female and <87.7 for male); #self-reported, noted positive on the OARS questionnaire, anti-hypertensive medications were being used, or with a blood pressure measurement > 140/90 mmHg; **self-reported, noted positive on the OARS questionnaire, antidiabetic medication was prescribed, or with a fasting glycemia > 6.9 mmol/L; ††based on the OARS questionnaire information, three dichotomous (i.e. yes versus no) categories of diseases were created to indicate the presence of cardiovascular diseases (associating heart, limb and cerebrovascular diseases), osteo-articular and muscular diseases, and other diseases; ||||items scored 1 (independent) and 0 (unable or assistance needed) with a score ranging from 0 (low function) to 8 (high function) and threshold ≤ 6/8; ¶¶cut-off values for defining slow walking speed were: for males, <1.09 m/s for age group 67–72, <1.00 m/s for age group 73–77 m/s, <0.97 m/s for age group 78–84, and < 0.93 m/s for age group ≥ 85; for females, <1.04 m/s for age group 67–72, <0.97 m/s for age group 73–77, <0.91 m/s for age group 78–84 and < 0.81 m/s for age group ≥85; §§answer to the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale ‘Do you feel you have more problems with memory than most others?’ yes; significant P-values (i.e. <0.05) indicated in bold.